*c6 A R N 
ARN'FELS, a (own of Germany, in the duchy of Sti- 
ria, ten miles fouth-eaft of Landl’purg. 
ARNGIT'ZES, a town of Wallachia, forty^two miles 
fouth-fouth-eaft o,f Hermanftadt. 
ARNHAU'SEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
Upp er Saxony, and duchy of Pomerania, fourteen miles 
fouth of Corbin, and tw enty-four eaft of New Stettin. 
ARN'HEIM, a town of the United Netherlands, and 
capital of a fourth quarter of Guelderland, called Welvxue, 
is lituated on the north lide of the Rhine, near its union 
with the Kiel, large, ftrong, and populous, thirty miles eaft 
®f Utrecht, and forty-five fouth-eaft of Atnfterdam. Lat. 
52 .o.*N. Ion. 23. 23. E. Ferro. 
AR'NICA, f. [Trlagi/v/xat, to fneeze.] In botany, a ge¬ 
nus of the fyngenefia polygamia fuperflua clafs, in the na¬ 
tural order of cbmpofitae difcoideas. The generic charac¬ 
ters are—Calyx : common imbricate, fhorter than the ray 
of the corolla; leaflets lanceolate, the length of the calyx, 
eredt. Corolla: compound radiate ; corollules hemaphro- 
dbe in the difk, very numerous; females in the ray about 
twenty ; proper of the hermaphrodite tubular, eredt, five- 
cleft, equal; female lanceolate, very long, three-toothed, 
fpreading. Stamina: to the hermaphrodites, filaments 
very ftiort, anthera cylindric ; to the females, filaments fu- 
bulate eredf, antherae none. Piftillum : germ oblong; 
ftyle fimple, the length of the ftamens; ftigma bifid. Pe- 
ricarpium: none; calyx unchanged. Seeds: folitary, 
oblong; down fimple; in the hermaphrodites pubefcent, 
long. Receptaculum : naked.— EJfenlial CharaSer. Re- 
ceptaculum naked; down fimple; corollules of the ray have 
five filaments without antherae. 
Species. 1. Arnica montana, or mountain arnica: leaves 
ovate entire, ftem-leaves twin, oppofite. Root woody, 
blackifh, fuperficial, appearing as if cut off, having bundl¬ 
es of long fibres, perennial. Stem a foot or a foot and a 
half high, not more than fix inches in alpine fituations, 
obfcurely angular, fimple, terminated by three (fometimes 
only two or even one) upright peduncles, each bearing 
one flower, two inches in diameter, of a deep yellow co¬ 
lour, tinged with brown or rullet and orange. The root 
is aromatic ; the whole plant has a ftrong fcent, and is 
acrid. The flowers follow the fun. Kine do not touch 
the plant; but goats are very fond of it. In Smoland, 
they fnuff the powder of the leaves up the noftrils, to 
make them fneeze, and fmoke them as tobacco. It is a 
native of rnoft parts of the continent of Europe, and alfo 
of Siberia. It flowers with us in July, and was cultivated 
by Mr. Miller in 1759. In Germany it is efteemed a fpe- 
eific for refolving coagulated blood, occafioned by falls or 
bruifes. It is recommended likewife in fundry obftinate 
chronical diforders. It appears to be too violent in its 
operation for general ufe, uhlefs repeated fmall dofes fhould 
be accompanied with the good effects, without the difturb- 
ance which a full dofe is faid to produce. Dr. Collin, of 
Vienna, recommends beginning with an inftifion of one 
drachm of the herb in flower, morning and evening, in- 
creafing the dofe gradually to half an ounce, and keeping 
the body open. Infufed in fmall beer, and taken as com¬ 
mon drink, it is reported to have cured the chronical rheu- 
matifm of the loins ; and, in one or two dofes, taken two 
hours before the fit, to have put a flop to intermjttents of 
long handing. Bergius tried this infufion, and alfo the 
powder of the root, in quartan agues, without fuccefs. 
jA-Hioni relates his having cured the pally by the flowers; 
but that it did not anfwer with him in putrid fevers. He 
adds, that his patients could not endure an ounce of the 
flowers in infufion, which is what Dr. Collin recommends; 
and that lie never ventured on more than three drachms, 
and that divided into feveral dofes. Villars celebrates the 
arnica as one of the beft remedies in the vegetable king¬ 
dom : as eminently diuretic and tonic ; as a febrifuge, an¬ 
tiparalytic and antiarthritic. He fays that all parts of it 
may be ufed in infufion or decodtion, in a dofe of half a 
grain : or, if given in fubftance, lefs, efpecially at the be¬ 
ginning, becaule it is apt to difeourage patients by giving 
j 
A R N 
them the heart-burn. “ How many fide (he exclaim?) 
have 1 benefited, and even cured of the droply, by this 
fimple remedy!” 
2. Arnica pilofelloides: leaves quite entire, elliptic, vil- 
lofe; fcape one-flowered, woolly ; calyx equalling the ray. 
A copious down blues from the crown of the root, invol¬ 
ving the leaves and ftem. The leaves are two or three 
inches long, and an inch and a half broad, hairy, efpe¬ 
cially on the back, entire and ending in a point. The 
flower is large. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
3. Arnica fcorpioides, or alternate-leaved arnica : leaves 
alternate, toothed. Roots much jointed, dividing into ma¬ 
ny irregular flelliy offsets, which are varioully contorted; 
whence fuperftitious perfons were formerly led to imagine, 
that they would expel thepoifon of fcorpions, and cure the 
wounds made by the bite of that animal. Stems feveral, 
from fix or eight inches to a foot in height, terminated by 
one handfome flower, of a deep yellow colour, two inches 
over. The root and the whole plant have a ftrong difagreea- 
b!e fmell, efpecially in the (hade and expofed to the north. 
Native of Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphine, and Auftria. 
Miller received the feeds from Bohemia and Siberia. 
4. Arnica doronicunt: leaves alternate, fubferrate, ob¬ 
long, rough. This plant varies in its leaves, which are 
ovate or elliptic, or efpecially on the ftem very longellip- 
fes; fometimes they are quite entire about the edge, but 
they have generally a few teeth ; thefe are fometimes large, 
and fo remote that the leaf becomes angular: the furface 
of the leaves is hairy more or lefs, fhorter or longer. The 
height is generally four inches, but fometimes it is twice 
as high. The ftem always bears one flower. Native of 
the high Alps of the Grifons, Dauphine, Piedmont, and 
Auftria. 
5. Arnica maritima, or fea arnica: leaves lanceolate, 
the lower ones ferrate; ftem leafy, many-flowered. Na¬ 
tive of Kamtfchatka and North America. 
6. Arnica crocea, or faflron-flowered arnica: leaves 
ovate, repand-toothletted, tomentofe underneath. Crown 
of the root woolly. Native of the Cape. 
7. Arnica ciliata, or ciliate-leaved arnica: leaves ftem- 
clafping, ovate, toothed, ciliate, fmooth ; (lem fimple, one- 
flowered. Stem angular, with white briftles, upright, a 
foot high. Leaves alternate; the lower attenuated at the 
bafe. Flower terminating, red, the fize of a fmall pear. 
8. Arnica Jap.onica, or Japanefe arnica: leaves galh- 
palmated, toothletted; flowers terminal, fub-binate. Stem 
hollow, round, ftriated, fmooth, upright, a foot or more in 
height. Leaves alternate, fmooth, green above, pale be¬ 
neath. 
9. Arnica palmata, or palmate-leaved arnica: leaves 
gafh-palmated, toothed; flowers panicled. Stem round, 
very finely fireaked, upright, fmooth, two feet high. 
Flowers terminating, fmall, yellow. This and the two 
foregoing are natives of Japan. 
10. Arnica gerbera: leaves pinnatifid, lobes rounded. 
11. Arnica coronopifolia: leaves pinnate, divifions linear. 
Very nearly allied, and natives of the Cape. 
12. Arnica oporina : ftmibby, leaves lanceolate, callous- 
crenate, tomentofe beneath; peduncles one-flowered, fo¬ 
litary, terminating, fealy. Native of New Zealand. 
Propagation and Culture. The European forts, 1, 2, 3, 
4, 5, are hardy, and require a moift fhady fituation. They 
may be propagated by parting the roots in autumn, when 
the ftalks begin to decay ; or by the feeds lown in autumn, 
foon after they are ripe, for thole fown in the fpring often 
fail: but, if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants 
will often come up of themfelves, without any other care 
but to keep them clean from weeds. The other fpecies 
mu ft be kept in pots under a frame, or in a dry ftove. 
They may be increafed by feeds, cuttings, or parting the 
roots ; and muft be treated as other plants from the Cape. 
See Doronicum. 
ARNISiE'US (Henningus), a philofopher and phyfi- 
cian of great reputation, about the beginning of the 17th 
century. He was born at Halberftad in Germany, and was 
profelfor 
