A R N 
proteffof of phyfic in the univerfity of Helmftad. His po¬ 
litical works are much efteemed. The molt remarkable 
of them is his book “ De Authoritate Principum in Po- 
pulum Temper inviolabili,” Frankfort, 1612. in this he 
maintains that the authority of princes ought never to be 
violated. He wrote alio, upon the fame doCtrinc, “ De 
Jure Majeffatis,” and “ RefleCtiones Politicac,” printed in 
1615. Having received an invitation to Denmark, he went, 
and was made counfellor and phyfician to the king. Be- 
ftdes the pieces already mentioned, he wrote feveral phi- 
lofophical, medicinal, and political, treatifes ; and died in 
the year 1635. 
AR'NO, a river of Italy, which rifes in the Apennine 
mountains, in the duchy of Tufcany, palles by Florence, 
Pifa, &c. and enters the Mediterranean, twelve miles 
north of Leghorn, and four below Pifa, to which place it 
is navigable for fmall veffels. 
ARNO'BIUS, profelfor of rhetoric at Sicca, in Numi- 
dia, towards the end of the third century. Owing to cer¬ 
tain dreams, he became defirous of embracing Chriftia- 
nity. For this purpofe he applied to the btfhops to be 
admitted into the church ; but they had adiftruft of him, 
and, before they would admit him, inlifted on foine proofs 
of his fincerity. In compliance with this demand, he 
wrote a gain ft the Gentiles; wherein he has expo fed the 
abfurdities of their religion, and ridiculed the adoration 
of falfe gods. In this treatife he has employed all the 
flowers of rhetoric, and difplayed great learning. 1 here 
are feveral editions of this work ; one publiftted at Rome 
in 1542, at Bafil in 1546 and 1560, at Paris in 1370, at 
Antwerp in 1582, and at Hamburgh in 1610, with notes 
by Gebbard Helmenhorftius. He wrote alfo “ De Rheto¬ 
rics Inftitutiones but this is not extant. 
AR'NOLD, [of are, honour, and nold, Sax. faithful, 
q. d. faithful to his honour.] A name of men. 
Arnold, of Brefcia, in Italy, diftinguifhed himfeif by 
being the founder of a feCt which oppofed the'wealth and 
power of the Romifli clergy. He went into France, and 
ftudied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon his 
return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and opened 
his inveCtives in the ftreets of Brefcia. The people crowd¬ 
ed round him. He told them he was fent to reform abu- 
fes, to pull down the proud, and to exalt the humble. He 
then pointed his declamation againft the bifhops and cler¬ 
gy, but to the laity he was indulgent. The church of 
Brefcia was foon thrown into confufion; and the people, 
thus prejudiced againft their minifters, threatened to over¬ 
turn their altars. To fupprefs this growing evil, a grand 
council was held at Rome in 1139, and Arnold was cited 
before it. His accufers were the biftiop of Brefcia, and 
many others, whom he had ridiculed and infulted. He 
was found guilty, and fentenced to perpetual lilence. Up¬ 
on this he left Italy, crofted the Alps, and found a refuge 
in Zurich. 
Though Arnold was thus driven from the country, yet 
had his opinions taken deep root, and Rome itfelf wasin- 
fecfted by them. Irritated by the conduct of Innocent II. 
the Roman people aflembled in the Capitol. It was pro- 
pofed that the power of the pontiff fnould be reftrained ; 
and,- as if fuddenly infpired by the genius of the place, 
they moved that the fenate, which for years had been 
.aboljflied, fiiould be reftored. The propoution was re¬ 
ceived with the loudeft acclamations. Innocent in vain 
oppofed the bold defign : there was a magic in it which 
fpread irrefiftibly, and for a moment feemed to route the 
fallen fpirit of the nation. The pope viewed with horror 
the reverfe of fortune which threatened him, and he fell 
fick and died. Under his two immediate fuccelfors, Ce- 
leftin and Lucius, whofe reigns were but of a few months, 
the Romans purfued their darling objeilft. They w aited 
on the latter, and, in an imperious tone, demanded the 
reftitution of all the honours and civil rights which had 
been nfurped from the people. Lucius furvived this event 
but a few days. His fuccefl'orwas Eugenius III. the friend 
and difciple of the renowned Bernard. The night before 
A R N 2©y 
his confecration the fenators aflembled, and if was agreed, 
that he (hould folemnly confirm all their proceedings, or 
they would annul his election. This refolution was notified 
to him. 'He called together, his friends; and it was their ad¬ 
vice, that he fiiould neither accede to the extravagant de¬ 
mand, nor expofe himfeif, by a refufal, to the fury of the 
populace. He therefore filently withdrew from Rome, and 
retired to a neighbouring fortrefs, where the ceremony of 
lus confecration was performed. 
Arnold, who in banifhment had contemplated the effeft 
of his admonitions on the minds of the Romans, and the 
fuccefs w hich feemed to follow their exertions, was now 
informed that the pope had retired, and that the gates of 
the capital were open to receive him. Arnold took fire 
at the news; an unufual glow of enthufiafm filled his 
bread; and he fancied that, like Junius Brutus, he was 
called to give liberty to Rome. On his appearance, the 
citizens called him their friend and deliverer. The Bref- 
cian walked amongft them ; his deportment was humble, 
his countenance emaciated, his add refs affable ; and he 
fpoke to them of moderation, of fubmiffion, of obedience. 
With the nobles and new fenators he held another lan¬ 
guage; though to them alfo he was mild and diffident* 
{peaking much of virtue and of refpeCt for religion and 
the laws. But no fooner was he fenfible of his own real- 
influence, than he threw afide the mafk, and harangued 
the people. He talked of their forefathers the ancient 
Romans, who, by the wifdom of their fenate, and the va¬ 
lour of their armies, had conquered nations and fubdued 
the earth. He dwelt on the names and the atchievments 
of the Bruti, the Gracchi, and the Scipios; and of thefe 
men, faid he, are you not the children ? He advifed, that 
the Capitol be inftantly repaired; that the equeftrian or¬ 
der be reftored ; that the people have their tribunes ; that 
dignity attend the fenate; and that the laws w hich had 
been filent and negleCted, be revived in all their vigour. 
He fpoke of the pope as of a depofed and baniftied tyrant: 
“ But, fiiould you again be difpofed (continued he) to ad¬ 
mit him within thefe walls; firft fix your own rights, and 
determine his,” Fired by this harangue, the people, 
headed by the mod difaffeCted of the nobles, attacked the 
few cardinals and churchmen who remained in the city ; 
they fet fire to the palaces; and they compelled the citi¬ 
zens to fwear obedience to the new government. Mode¬ 
rate men were {hocked at thefe excefles of popular fren¬ 
zy ; but it was in vain to oppofe the torrent : they fubmit- 
ted, looking forward to the termination of an event which 
had begun in extravagance, and mud end in difappointment. 
Eugenius had viewed, with fome concern, the derange¬ 
ment of his people : but, when it feemed that their eyes 
were opening to their own excelfes, he could be inactive 
no longer. He excommunicated the ringleaders of the 
faction; and, at the head of his troops, who were chiefly 
compofed of Tiburtini, a people hoftile to the Romans, 
he marched againft the enemy. Flis friends within the 
walls, who were numerous, co-operated with his defigns, 
and in a few days overtures for peace were made to him. 
He acceded ; but on condition that they fiiould annul the 
arrangements they had made ; and, if they would have fe¬ 
nators, they fiiould acknowledge all their power uas from 
him. The people were fatisfied, and they threw open the 
gates,-through which Eugenius entered, among the accla¬ 
mations of an incoaftant multitude. Before this event Ar¬ 
nold had retired ; but he left behind him many friends 
firongly attached to his perfon and principles. Of him- 
felf we hear little more till the reign of Adrian; when’ 
ou account of frefh tumults, he and his adherents were 
excommunicated, and Rome was threatened with an inter¬ 
dict unlefs they expelled the whole party from their walls. 
This they did. The Arnoldifts retired with their cham¬ 
pion into Tufcany, where he was received as a prophet, 
and honoured as a faint. His enemies, however, finally 
prevailed; he was made prifoiier, and conducted under a 
ftrong effort to Rome. In vain was filtered made to. face 
his life; he was condemned and executed, and his allies 
thrown 
