^236 ART 
defend themfelves againft the opulent and civilized. The 
invention of fire-arms, an invention which at firll fight ap¬ 
pears to be fo pernicious, is certainly favourable both to 
the permanency and to tIre extenlion of civilization. 
It has to many appeared matter of furprife, that the bat¬ 
tles of the ancients fhould be defcribed with an order, per¬ 
spicuity, and circumSlantial minutenefs, which are not to be 
found in the military writers of modern times. Soholars 
have endeavoured to explain this difference, by observing 
the immeiife disproportion, in point of dignity and abili¬ 
ties, between the military historians of modern Europe and 
thofe of Greece and Rome. But the difficulty will be 
better Solved, Dr. Gillies thinks, by refledling on the 
changes introduced into the art of war by the change of 
artillery; which, in military operations, form the pivot 
on which the whole turns, i. From the nature of fire¬ 
arms, modern battles are involved in fmoke and confufion. 
s. From the fame caufe, modern armies occupy a much 
greater extent of ground, and begin to ail at much greater 
difiances ; which renders it more difficult to obferve and 
ascertain their manoeuvres. 3. 1 he immenfe train of ar¬ 
tillery, ammunition, &c. required in the practice of mo¬ 
dern war, gives a certain immobility to our armies, which 
render's it impofiible to perform, without great danger, 
thofe rapid evolutions in fight of an enemy, which fo of¬ 
ten decided the battles of the ancients. With us, almoft 
every thing depends on the judicious choice of ground, a 
matter requiring great military genius, but not admitting 
tire embellifhments of historical description. In the battles 
of the Greeks and Romans, the extraordinary difpropor- 
tion between the numbers flain on the fide of the victors 
and the vanquished has been obferved as another remark¬ 
able circumstance. But this neceffarily refulted from the 
nature of their arms. Their principal weapons being not 
niiffile, but manual, armies could not begin to ait till they 
had approached fo nearly to each other, that the conquer¬ 
ed found themfelves cut off from all pofiibility of retreat. 
In modern times fuch confequences feldom take place. 
' The ufe of fire-arms furnifiies the defeated party with va¬ 
rious means of retreating with confiderable fafety. The 
fphere of military action is fo widely extended in modern 
times, that before the victors can run over the ipace which 
Separates them from the vanquished, the latter may fall 
back, and proceed with little lofs beyond their reach ; and 
fhould any village, hedge, ravine, ivc. be found in their 
way, may often check the ardour of the purfuers. Upon 
thefe considerations, the invention of modern artillery may 
be Said to have Saved the efi’ufion of human blood. 
Park of Artillery, is that place in a camp which is 
fet apart for the artillery, or large fire-arms. 
Trails or Train of Artillery, a number of pieces of 
ordnance, mounted on carriages, with all their furniture 
fit for marching. To this commonly belong mortars, can¬ 
non, balls, Shells, &c. There are trains of artillery in 
moll of the royal magazines; as in the Tower, at Portl- 
mouth, Plymouth, &c. but, above all, at Woolwich, from 
whence the Ships commonly receive their ordnance, and 
where they are all completely proved before they are re¬ 
ceived into the public Service. The officers and men of 
the artillery were formerly called alfo the train of artillery, 
but are now called the royal regiment of artillery ; confift- 
ing at prefent of four battalions, befides a battalion of in¬ 
valids, and four troops of horfe or cavalry artillery. 
Artillery-Company, a military Society of London, 
incorporated by charter under Henry VIII. as early as the 
year 1537, at which time they were called, the Royal 
Archers of St. George. See Archery, p. 58. From 
that early period to the prefent time, this Society has con¬ 
tinued, an honour to itfelf and to the country, at all times 
patronized by the Sovereign, and by the lord-mayor and 
corporation of London. The arms and accoutrements of 
this company have of courfe changed with the times; but 
the Society itfelf has uniformly Supported the higheft mi¬ 
litary reputation. It is poflelfed of confiderable privileges, 
well as a capital efiate for its maintenance and Support, 
ART 
and a noble parade, called the Artillery Ground ; which, 
from its firft institution, was demifed and granted to it. 
In tire year 1780, the ardour of the London Association, 
which was principally compofed of its members, was par¬ 
ticularly ufeful to the metropolis in quelling the riots of 
that unhappy year. His prelent majefty has been pleafed 
to grant them a new charter, and to appoint his royal 
highnefs the prince of Wales captain-general and com¬ 
mandant of the company. 
AR'TINGAL, one of the Pelew islands, in the Pacific 
Ocean. 
AR'TISAN, /. [French.] Artift ; profeSTor of an art. 
—What are the molt judicious artifans , but the mimics of 
nature? Wotton, Manufacturer; low tradefman.—I, who 
had none but generals to oppofe me, mud have an artifan 
for my antagonist. Addifon. 
AR'TIST, f. [artifte, Fr.] The profeSTor of an art, 
generally of an art manual : 
Rich w ith the Spoils of many a conquer’d land. 
All arts and artifis Thefeus could command, 
Who Sold for hire, or wrought for better fame : 
The mailer painters and the carvers came. Drydcn. 
A Skilful man ; not a novice. Mr. Harris defines an arti£ 
to be, “ A perlon pofielling an habitual power of becom¬ 
ing the caufe of Some etfedt, according to a fyftem of va¬ 
rious and well-approved precepts.” See Art. We arc 
told of a benefit granted at Vicenza to artifis, Similar to 
benefit of 1 clergy in England: in virtue thereof, criminals 
adjudged to death Save their lives if they can prove them- 
S'clves the moll excellent and consummate workmen in 
any ufeful art. This benefit is allowed them in favortm 
artis, for the firll offence, except in Some particular crimes, 
of which coining is one ; for here, the greater the artift, 
the more dangerous the perfon. 
Artist, in an academical fenfe, denotes a philofophcr 
or proficient in the faculty of arts. In the early Slate of 
univerfities, the Seven liberal arts completed tire whole 
courfe of Study, or philoSophy, as it was called : whence 
the mailers of this faculty were denominated artifis. What 
they underftood by the liberal arts, ufed to be Summed up 
in the following Latin verfe : 
Lingua , Tropus, Ratio, Numerus, Tonus, Angulus, Afira. 
Artist is more particularly ufed by Paracelfus, and 
other adepts, for a chemift or alchemist. We find fre- 
quent mention, in authors of this clafs, of Elias ArtiSla, 
or Elias the artift, who, according to them, is to come 
Some time before the diffolution of the world, and restore 
and make perfedt all arts and Sciences. 
ART'LESS, adj. [from art and lcfs.~\ UnSkilful; want¬ 
ing art : Sometimes with the particle of. 
The high-Shoed plowman, Should he quit the land, 
Artlefs of liars, and of the moving Sand. Dryden. 
Void of fraud ; as, An artlefs maid. Contrived without 
Skill ; as, An artlefs tale. 
ART'LESSLY, adv. In an artlefs manner; without 
Skill. Naturally ; Sincerely ; without craft.—Nature and 
truth, though never So low or vulgar, are yet pleafing, 
when openly and artlefsly reprefented. Pope. 
AR'TOBRIGA, anciently a town of Vindelicia, now 
Altzburg, in Bavaria, on the Danube, below Ingolfiadt; 
but Cluverius fuppofes it to be Labcnau, on the Saltzbach, 
below Lauffen, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg. 
ARTOCAR'PLTS, f. and bread-fruit.] 
In botany, a genus of the monoecia monandria clafs, rank¬ 
ing in the natural order of urticae. The generic charac¬ 
ters are—I. Male flowers. Calyx: none; ament cylin¬ 
drical, all covered with florets. Corolla : to each two 
petals, oblong, concave, blunt, villofe. Stamina : fila¬ 
ment Single within each corolla, filiform, the length of the 
corolla ; antherae oblong. II. Female flowers, on the fame 
tree. Calyx and corolla : none. PiStillum : germs very 
many, connedled into a globe, hexangular; fiyle to each 
filiform; Sligma Single, or two, capillary, revolute. Pe- 
3 ricarpium: 
