524 ATX 
Ihips they had taken ; and difplayed, in triumph, the co¬ 
lours of thole they had funk and deltroyed. He 'landed, 
in 407 B. C. amidft the repeated lliouts of his fellow citi¬ 
zens, who thronged about him to welcome him home, re¬ 
garding him as a fort of tutelar deity, who had brought 
them back victory in his train. They gazed upon hint 
therefore with admiration, reflecting on the miferable (i- 
tuation of the republic when he undertook its defence; 
and the many important fervices performed by him, by 
which he had rendered her triumphant both at fea and 
land. Then Alcibiades, afl'embling the people, proceeded 
to jttftify himfelf from the crime laid to his charge, and 
imputed all his misfortunes to his bad fortune. The Athe¬ 
nians, charmed with his eloquence, decreed him a crown 
of gold ; and, by way of reparation of the ill ufage for¬ 
merly received by him, they reltored to him his eftate, and 
named him chief commander by fea and land. The po¬ 
pulace, too, always prone to fall into extremes, began to 
talk of bellowing on him fovereign authority. But the 
principal citizens, to prevent the effects of their folly, 
caufed a fleet to be equipped with all poflible diligence, 
and urged his departure. Alcibiades, before fetting out, 
refolved to celebrate the Eleufinian myfteries. 
The Athenians had long been obliged to conduct this 
proceflion by fea, becaufe the Lacedemonians had poffdTion 
of the roads leading to Eleufis. But Alcibiades refolved 
to have it performed in the ufual manner; and for that 
purpole ported troops along both fides of the way, ready 
to repulle any attack of the enemy. Thus protecting the 
priefts and initiated with his foldiers, he conducted the pro¬ 
ceflion in great order and folemnity all the way to Eleufis, 
and back again, without any accident. By this he intend¬ 
ed to wipe out the fufpicions of irreligion formerly fug- 
gefted againlt him. The affeftion entertained for him by 
the Athenians was fo much increafed by this aftion, that 
they would have cheerfully made him king. But the prin¬ 
cipal citizens, not choofing to give Alcibiades time to ex¬ 
plain himfelf on that head, haftened his departure, grant¬ 
ing him every thing he defired. Accordingly, he at lart 
-Let fail towards Andros with a fleet of 100 (hips. 
The Lacedemonians, alarmed at the late fucceffes of the 
Athenians, thought it necertary to oppofe one of their belt 
generals to Alcibiades, and therefore elected Lyfander 
chief commander of their fleet. Lyfander, although of 
noble birth, being lineally defeended from the Heraclidae, 
was neverthelefs educated with all the rigour of the Spar¬ 
tan difcipline. He was brave, artful, and infinuating ; and, 
to his ruling paflion, ambition, could facrifice-every other 
pleafure or conflderation whatever. About this time too, 
Darius, the Perfian monarch, had appointed the youngeft 
of his fons, Cyrus, to be governor of Sardis; and had ad- 
vifed him, on fetting out for his government, to fupport the 
Lacedemonians at all events, in oppofition to the Atheni¬ 
ans. This vyas very different from the policy of Tifta- 
phernes, and the other Perfian governors; who, as we have 
feen before, made it an invariable rule, to hold the balance 
even between tbofe two dates, and, by artifting them al¬ 
ternately, as their refp’eftive neceflities required, to enable 
them to work out their mutual deftru£tion. 
Lyfander foon put to lea, and directed his courfe to Sar¬ 
dis; w here, by means of his fupple infinuating behaviour, 
he foon pufhea himfelf into favour with Cyrus, to whom 
lie complained of the partiality of Tiffaphernes to the 
Athenians. Cyrus told him, that he had orders from the 
king his father to allirt the Lacedemonians; and, for that 
purpofe, had received from him 50otalcntsof fiver. Ly¬ 
fander then perfuaded him to augment the pay of the fail- 
ors to four oboli a-day, and to order all the arrears due to 
them to be immediately paid up. This augmentation of 
pay greatly contributed to weaken the Athenian fleet; 
for their bailors, tempted by the high pay, deferted to the 
Lacedemonians. After having obtained thefe advantages 
from Cyrus, and fixed him in the interefts of his country, 
Lyfander returned to his fleet, in the neighbourhood of 
Ephefus. That city was at this time plunged in indolence 
I C A. 
and luxury; the Perfian fatraps ufually making it their 
winter relidence. Lyfander, therefore, laboured to revive 
induftry among the inhabitants; and, by a fkilful applica¬ 
tion of rewards, fucceeded in making the arts to flourifh 
among them,’ and eftablifiied in' their city an arfenal for 
building galleys. This was one of the principal cattles of 
the fubfequent aggrandifetnent of Ephefus. 
Lyfander, however, awed by Alcibiades, declined co¬ 
ming to an engagement. But the Athenian general ha¬ 
ving departed into Ionia to raife money, and having com¬ 
mitted the charge of his fleet to Antioclnts, with politive 
orders to avoid a battle; his fubftitute, delirous to difplay 
his courage, failed with two galleys into the harbour of 
Ephefus to brave the enemy. Lyfander immediately went 
in purfuit of him; and the Athenians, at the fame time, 
advancing to proteft their commander, the fleets on both 
tides tell in with each other infenlibiy, and came to a ge¬ 
neral action. Lyfander gained a complete victory, and 
took fifteen Athenian galleys. When Alcibiades heard of 
this difafter, lie refolved to repair it; and, arte mb ling the 
remains of his fleet before Samos, offered battle to Ly¬ 
fander ; which the latter, fatisfied with his late advantage, 
thought proper to decline. Thrafybulus, in the mean 
time, the declared enemy of Alcibiades, availed himfelf 
of the late misfortune to ruin his credit with the people, 
to whom he accufed him of neglecting the public bufi- 
nefs, that he might have leifnre to indulge himfelf in his 
debaucheries. Obferve the inconftancy of this capricious 
people! Believing thefe infinuations, they accounted the 
lofs of the battle under Antiochus criminal in Alcibiades, 
though fought in contradiction to his exprels directions. 
Such indeed was the opinion entertained of him by the 
Athenians, that they imagined no enterprife in which lie 
was any ways concerned could fail, tinlefs by his own trea¬ 
chery. They therefore fufpeCted his fidelity; and Alci¬ 
biades, lately the idol of his countrymen, was obliged to 
fecure himfelf from their refentment by a voluntary ba- 
nilliment into a diftriCt of the Cherfonele! 
Lyfander, in the mean time, w'as employed in eftablifil¬ 
ing ariftocracy in all the towns he had iubdued. Witli a 
view to the accomplilhment of the ambitious project he 
was now meditating, he tingled out from the chief men of 
each city thofe whom he discovered to be of the mod da¬ 
ring and refolute fpirit, put the whole power into their 
hands, enriched them by prefents, and by thefe means 
rendered them entirely devoted to his intererts. His com. 
mand being expired, Callicratidas was appointed his fuc- 
celfor ; and the Athenians chofe Conon to fupply the place 
of Alcibiades. 
Callicratidas equalled Lyfander in his military capacity, 
and w^as greatly his fuperior in probity and magnanimity. 
He poflefled all the ancient Spartan virtue without its ex¬ 
travagancies, and was a declared enemy of every fpecies 
of low cunning or falfehood. Lyfander, unable to dif- 
guife his jealoufy on feeing him arrive, behaved in the 
meaneft manner imaginable, fending back to Sardis all the 
money that remained for the pay of the troops, and telling 
Callicratidas, that he mu ft apply for more to the great 
king. To Callicratidas, a roan of a noble foul, and of the 
rnoft elevated independent fpirit, it was the greateft hard- 
ftiip in the w orld to be obliged to fawn and cringe to the 
deputies of t! e Perfian monarch for a fupply of money. 
Compelled, however, by necellity, heat laft condescended 
to go all the way to Lydia, to apply to Cyrus. But, be¬ 
ing conftantly prevented under one pretence or another 
from obtaining an audience, he at laft departed, full of in¬ 
dignation againft thofe who were at firft mean-fpirited 
enough to pay court to the barbarians ; and vowing to ufe 
his utmoft endeavours to effect a reconciliation among the 
Greeks, that fo they might be no longer under the necef- 
fity of fubmittmg to Inch bafenefs. 
It was now- the twenty-fixth year of the Pe'oponnefian 
w'ar. Conon having been pur fifed into the harbour of My- 
tilene by Callicratidas, who there kept him blocked up, 
gave notice of his danger to the Athenians, who difpatch- 
ed. 
