ATT 
mountains and deferts; and with no guide to lead them 
through the multitude of enemies that lay in their way. 
In this general dejeCtion, Xenophon, who had hitherto 
been only in the Station of a cadet, difplayed an extraor¬ 
dinary firmnefs of foul. Affembling the remaining offi¬ 
cers, he told them, that their courage was now their only 
refource. He advifed them to appoint new officers to Sup¬ 
ply the places of thole they had loft; to burn their tents 
and baggage ; to begin their retreat immediately ; and to 
march in the form of a hollow fquare, that fo they might 
always be prepared to oppofe the enemy from whatever 
quarter they were attacked : a furpriftng inftance of what 
one man of genius and refolution is capable of performing! 
The-Greeks, when on the point of falling into the hands 
of their enemies, are laved by the wifdorn and activity of 
Xenophon. Perceiving that the expedient, propofed by 
him was the moll eligible and fafe they could follow, they 
immediately embraced it, and named new commanders. 
Next morning, by the dawn, the troops being alfembled, 
Xenophon to confirm their courage made them an harangue, 
wherein he intreated them to recall to remembrance the fa¬ 
mous days of Marathon, Thermopylae, and Platea, when 
their ancestors, with armies greatly more inferior to their 
enemies than they were to thofe by whom they were at 
prefent oppofed, had neverthelels remained victorious; 
and to reft perfuaded, that the gods, the avengers of per¬ 
fidy, would Support their defence. The words of Xeno¬ 
phon were applauded by the whole army, who unanimouf- 
ly approved of his advice, and inftantly put it in execu¬ 
tion. After continuing their journey for fome days, con¬ 
stantly directing their march towards the heads of the great 
rivers till they found them fordable; they werfc at laft 
overtaken and harraffed by the army of Tilfaphernes, who 
had purfued them with all his forces. But the Greeks, 
changing their order of march, repulfed his attacks with 
very little lofs on their own fide ; and it (hould feem that 
Tilfaphernes very foon grew weary of purfuing them, for 
after this time there is no farther mention made of him in 
the relation of Xenophon. 
On their arrival at the river Tigris, finding it unfordable 
on account of its depth, they were obliged to traverfe the 
mountains of the Carducae, and forced to difpute their 
palfage with the inhabitants of thofe hills, who had polled 
themfelves on the higher grounds. It coft them feven 
days to make good their palfage, which they at laft effeCled 
with much labour and fatigue, after being obliged to aban¬ 
don their beafts of burden, and the prifoners they liad ta- 
ken in their march ; and after fullering a great deal from 
the repeated attacks of the inhabitants of the country. 
After crofting thofe mountains, they were flopped by a-ve- 
ry large river that ran along at the foot of them, but palf. 
ed it at laft with much difficulty. Then, entering the weft- 
ern quarter of Armenia, they forded the Tigris at its Source, 
Teribazus, the king of Perfia’s governor in that province, 
permitted the Greeks to take what provifions they thought 
proper; but at the fame time privately refolved to lay an 
ambufcade for them in a narrow defile, between, fome 
mountains, through which their road lay. The Greeks, 
getting notice of his delign, prevented him, by taking pof- 
feffion of the pafs before him, and beat off the Soldiers 
Sent againft them. Having now crofted the Euphrates, 
they were obliged to march through fnow from five to fix 
feet deep. This part of their journey was attended with 
great hardffiips, and many of the Soldiers perifhed by the 
Severity of the cold and the great fatigue. After palling 
the fnow, they came to certain villages, confiding of huts 
dug under ground, where they reded Several days. Re¬ 
commencing their journey, they loon arrived at the river 
Araxes, or Phafes. This river being here unfordable, 
they were obliged to march about through the mountains, 
where they were oppofed by the Phafians and Chalybes, 
whom they forced at laft to retire. 
After paffing through the country of the Chalybes, they 
came to a very high mountain ; whence, getting a fight of 
the fea, they were Seized with an excels of joy. They 
Vol.II. No. 87. 
had dill, however, the mountains of Colchis to traverfe, 
and to defend themfelves againft the barbarous inhabitants. 
But, by the Skilful difpolition of the army by Xenophon, 
they oppofed and difperfed thofe barbarians. Then, fall¬ 
ing down into the plain, they arrived at certain villages, 
where they found great plenty of provisions, ,• and relied 
Some days. In a few days more they reached Trebizond, 
a Greek colony, where they halted a month. Here they 
celebrated divers forts of games with much joy, and paid 
the vows they had made to the gods in cafe of their Safe 
return. After deliberating whether they Should proceed 
from this place to Greece by Sea, they came to a resolution 
to tranSport only their old and Sickly men in that way, be- 
caufe. they could not find Snipping Sufficient to carry the 
whole army. The reft continued their route over land. 
On arriving at Cerafus they reviewed their forces, and 
found them to amount to 8,600 infantry, out of 10,000 that 
had undertaken the retreat; but of their horfe only forty 
remained. Coming to Cotyora, and being informed by the 
inhabitants, that, if they proceeded farther by land, they 
Should meet meet with many rivers and defiles very diffi¬ 
cult to be palled, they accepted of the Ships offered them 
by the Cotyoreans, which landed them next day at Sinope, 
a Milefian colony in Paphlagonia. 
The Soldiers, Seeing themlelves now fo near their native 
country, and,in the provinces of the Pei hanking, became 
clefirous of obtaining Some plunder before their arrival. 
With this view, they informed Xenophon of their inten¬ 
tions of creating a commander in chief; all their meafures 
having been hitherto determined by thp plurality of votes 
in a general council. At the fame time, they intimated 
their intention of conferring that honour on him. On this 
occafion, Xenophon, fenfible of their intention, and deii- 
rous to keep himfelf difengaged from their Scheme, re¬ 
presented to them that, if they were refolved to create a 
commander in chief, it was highly proper that a Lacede¬ 
monian (hould fill that Station, as that Hate at prefent oc¬ 
cupied the foremoft rank in Greece. But perceiving them 
to be by no means Satisfied with this reaSon, but, on the 
contrary, obstinate in their choice of him, he was forced 
at laft to tell them, that he had consulted the gods on the 
fubjeCt, and found them averfe to his undertaking the com¬ 
mand. This effectually freed him from farther Solicita¬ 
tion for the prefent; and the choice of the Greeks next 
fell upon Chryfophorus, a Lacedemonian. The Soldiers 
beginning to indulge their defire of plunder, their new ge¬ 
neral interpofed, and prohibited them from plundering the 
Greek colonies. This produced mutinies and difeord in 
the army, and laid them under the neceftity of dividing in¬ 
to three bodies; the firft of which, confiding of the Pe¬ 
loponnesians, to the number of 4,400 men, was command- 
by Licon and Callimachus; the Second, consisting of 2,100 
men, by Chryfophorus; and the third, of the Same num¬ 
ber, by Xenophon. Having procured (hipping from the 
inhabitants of Heraclea, they embarked at different times, 
and landed at Chryfopolis. This being a very rich town, 
the Soldiers refolved to pillage it: but upon Xenophon’s 
representing to them, that by fo doing they Should draw 
upon themfelves the refentment of the Lacedemonians, 
many of whom were fettled there, they relinquished that 
-delign. 
From Chryfopolis, therefore, they marched, under the 
conduCt of Xenophon, to Salmydelfa in Thrace, upon a 
preffing invitation from Seuthes, the Sovereign of that 
country, who intreated their afliftance to recover his do¬ 
minions; and, the more effectually to prevail with them 
to comply with his delire, promifed them a great reward. 
But, after they had performed the Services for which he 
wanted them, he broke his word, and refufed to give them 
any tiling; and, though Xenophon complained grievQtrfiy 
of his injuftice, he obtained no red refs. This Seuthes 
was an avaricious prince, entirely influenced by a minister 
void of all faith and honefty, whole only aim was to in¬ 
crease his own private fortune. In the mean time, am- 
baftadors from Sparta waited on Xenophon, to inform him, 
C T that.. 
