53° ATT 
that, at the earned: intreaty of the towns of Ionia, which 
had embraced the caufe of the younger Cyrus, and on 
that account dreaded the refentment of Tiflaphernes, they 
had declared war againft Tiflaphernes and Pharnabazus, 
and had already difpatched an army into Ionia, under the 
command of Thymbron, to protect that country from be¬ 
ing ravaged by the enemy. The Greeks, under the com¬ 
mand of Xenophon, hearing that the troops in that expe¬ 
dition received very large pay, engaged themfelves in the 
fame fervice, with the content of their commander, who 
condudted them to Lampfacus by fea, their number then 
amounting all together to no more than 6000 men. From 
Lampfacus he proceeded to Pergamus, and from thence 
to Parthenia, which is accounted the period of this cele¬ 
brated retreat. Thymbron, having there joined them 
with his troops, led all his army from that place againfl; 
Tidaphernes. 
Thus ended the famous expedition of the ten thoufand; 
who, in fpite of the numberlefs difficulties they had to en¬ 
counter at almofl every ftep, performed in the fpace of 
little more than four months, counting from the period of 
the battle of Cunaxa to their arrival at Pergamus, a march 
of about 1900 miles. This retreat, the molt extraordinary 
recorded in any hiftory, is extremely admired by the mat¬ 
ters in the art of war, for the boldnefs of the undertaking, 
for the (kill with which it was conduced, and for the fuc- 
cefsful event. For, in fpite of the difficulties of every 
kind that feemed to oppofe their return, they were fo 
lucky as to reach their native country victorious. 
Two years after the expulfion of the tyrants from Athens, 
and juft after the city had recovered its tranquillity, Me- 
litus exhibited a formal accufation againft the famous So¬ 
crates, confiding of the following heads: id, That So¬ 
crates rejected the eftablifhed divinities of his country, 
and laboured to introduce new deities in their place. 2dly, 
That he corrupted the youth, teaching them to defpife 
the fettled laws and order of the commonwealth; to be 
difobedient to their parents ; and to cenfure the govern¬ 
ment. Such were the principal branches of the accufa¬ 
tion of Melitus; confefledly fufficient, if proved, to infer 
a capital puniffiment ; but it was eafy for Socrates to re¬ 
fute them : for he had now employed himfelf, for the 
fpace of forty years, in inftruCting the youth in the fight 
of all his countrymen ; during which time, no perfon had 
ever obferved any circumftance in his leflbns that could 
afford a handle to fuch an accufation. His friends, how¬ 
ever, exerted themfelves in his favour. The orator Ly- 
fias bellowed great labour, and employed all his art, in 
compofing a pleading for him. But Socrates, thinking it 
unfuitable to his character, declined to make ufe of it. 
Nor would his magnanimity permit him to defcend to aCt 
the part of a fuppliant, or to employ the means commonly 
practifed in thofe days, to incline the judges to pity; fuch 
as parties coming before them with their wives and chil¬ 
dren. He appeared before his judges with the modeft con¬ 
fidence infpired by innocence, and behaved in every par¬ 
ticular with the moil ftriking.magnanimity. The judges, 
provoked at his indifference, condemned him to die by 
drinking the juice of the hemlock. This fentence did not 
at all fliake the fortitude of Socrates, firmly perfuaded that 
guilt is the only evil of which a wife man has reafon to be 
afraid ; and chooflng rather, fays Quintillian, quietly to 
refign the few years of life he had yet a probability of en¬ 
joying, than by a mean fubmiflion, or pufillanimous con¬ 
duit, to throw a blemifh on the glory of his paft life. “ I 
am going,” faid he to the judges, “ by your fentence, to 
ftiifer death, a punifhment denounced againft me by na¬ 
ture at the inftant of my coming into the..world ; but my 
accufers are, by the fentence of truth, condemned to the 
flings and remorfes of a guilty confcience.” Soon after 
his death, the Athenians were convinced of his innocence, 
and coniidered all the misfortunes that afterwards befelthe 
republic as a punifhment for the injuftice of his condem¬ 
nation. When the academy, and the other places of the 
city where he had ufiially taught, prefcnted themfelves to 
I C A. 
the view of his countrymen, they could not refrain from 
reflecting on the ingratitude and cruelty of their treat¬ 
ment of the man who had done them fuch important fer- 
vices. They cancelled the decree that had condemned 
him; put Melitus to death ; banifhed his other accufers» 
and erefted to his memory a ftatue of brafs, executed by 
the famous Lyfippus. See Socrates. 
In the mean time Conon, wdio had lived a voluntary 
exile in the ifland of Cyprus, in the hopes of one day re- 
ftoring the glory of his native country, and of checking 
the exorbitant power of the Lacedemonians, determined 
to apply to the Perfian power for that purpofe, and ac¬ 
cordingly imparted his defign to king Artaxerxes by let¬ 
ter. That monarch, in confequence of his refentment 
againft the Lacedemonians for aflifting his brother Cyrus 
in the late attempt to feize his kingdom, ordered 500 ta¬ 
lents to be furnifhed to Conon for fitting out a fleet, of' 
which he at the fame time appointed him commander. 
Meanwhile Agis king of Sparta died, and Agefllaus laid 
claim to the royal dignity, in preference to Leotychides, 
the fon of Agis’s queen, whom he affirmed not to have 
been begotten by Agis; and who, notwithftanding the dy¬ 
ing acknowledgment of him by that king, was generally 
reputed a baftard. On this account, Agelilaus, fupported 
by Lyfander, and other principal Spartans, in the year 396 
B. C. found little difficulty in cauling himfelf to be de¬ 
clared king. Agelilaus now prepared to eftablifh his au¬ 
thority by an a£tive campaign; and, from his military cha¬ 
racter and fame, his army increafed fo faft, that all Alia 
feemed defirous to put itfelf under his command. Agefi- 
laus, in the mean time, refolved to attack the Perfian mo¬ 
narch in the heart of his dominions, that he might make 
him feel the Lacedemonian power even on his throne. 
Artaxerxes, alarmed at the progrefs of Agefllaus, refolved 
to create a diverfion to the Spartan arms, by promoting 
againft them a confederacy among the other ftates of 
Greece, whom he knew to be extremely uneafy and im¬ 
patient under their fubjedtion. Timocrates was charged 
with the execution of this fcheme. To accelerate its fuc- 
cefs, fifty talents of money were delivered to him, with 
which he was to endeavour to bribe the leading men in 
each city, that they might inftigate their countrymen to 
take up arms againft the Lacedemonians; who indeed, by 
their overbearing behaviour, had but too well difpofed the 
other ftates to embrace fuch a meafure. Timocrates, there¬ 
fore, met with all the fuccefs he could have defired; and 
the Thebans were the firft who refolved to aflert their in¬ 
dependency. The Athenians very foon joined the The¬ 
bans. Over-looking all former fubjedts of difpleafure re¬ 
ceived by them from that ftate, they embraced this op¬ 
portunity of recovering from their long humiliation, and, 
by the perfuafion of Thrafybulus, granted the affiftance 
demanded. On the other hand, Conon, with the fleet 
he had obtained from Artaxerxes, was extremely adtive 
againft Sparta. A difpute having arifen between the Pho- 
cians and Locrians, about the property of a fmall piece 
of ground, the Spartans, already difpleafed with the Lo¬ 
crians, refolved to fupport the Phocians; and, for that 
purpofe, ordered Paufanias to march and join Lyfander, 
who was then in Bceotia with a few troops. But the The¬ 
bans, to prevent this jundtion, made a brave attack upon 
the troops under Lyfander, obtained a complete victory, 
and killed Lyfander himfelf in the battle. 
Thus fell that renowned Greek, who raifed his native 
city Sparta to a degree of power ffie had never known be¬ 
fore, and entirely ruined that of Athens. It was matter 
of general furprife, that he left no wealth behind him, 
conlidering the vaft influence he had enjoyed, and the 
many opportunities of amaffing riches that had been in his 
power. This contempt of wealth refledted honour on his 
memory, and plainly ftiewed, that ambition was his foie 
motive of adtion. The excefs of this paffion, however, 
obfcured the fplendour of his extraordinary abilities; for 
he mult be allowed to have been an intrepid and Ikilful 
commander, a confummate politician, and of a very art- 
