556 A V E 
line, is not fo beautiful as a common road, which is loft 
by the turnings, fo as feldom to be feen to a great extent; 
but, as tliefe avenues mud be made exactly ftraighf, when 
the trees are grown to any fize they entirely break the 
view, whatever way the fight is direfted through them ; 
and, if this is in a park, the lawn of grafts through which 
the avenue is planted is thereby entirely deprived of the 
beauty which it naturally would afford, if left open and 
well kept: therefore, whenever the fituation of a houfe 
will admit of a large open lawn in front, the road to the 
houfe fthouLd be carried round at a proper diftance ; and, 
if it be carried ftometimes through trees, and fterpented in 
an eafy natural way, it will be much more beautiful than 
any ftift' formal avenue, how large ftoever made. 
But, as there may be fome perfons fo much wedded do 
the old way of laying out and planting grounds, as to 
prefer avenues to the moft beautiful difpolition of lawns, 
woods, &c. we (hall mention the ufuul method of defign- 
ing and planting them. The uftual width allowed to tliefe 
avenues was generally as much as the whole breadth of 
the houfe and wings ; but, if they are planted twelve or 
fourteen feet wider, they will be the better; becaufe, when 
the trees are grown to any confiderable fize, they will 
fpread and overhang, fo as to contract the view. And, as 
for ftuch avenues to woods or profpedts, they ought not to 
be lefs than (ixty feet in breadth ; and, becaufe ftuch walks 
are a long time before they are Ihady, it will be convenient 
to plant another row on each fide, rather than to lofe the 
ftatelinefs that the main walk will afford in time by being 
broad, where any tiling of a profpecf is to be gained. The 
trees flioruld not be planted nearer one another than thirty, 
five or forty feet, efpecially if they are of a fpreading kind ; 
and the fame diftance, if they are for a regular grove. 
As to the trees proper for planting avenues, they may 
be the Englifti elm, the lime-tree, the horfe chefnut, the 
common chefnut, the beech, and the abele. The Englifti 
elm is approved for all places where it will ftucceed, and 
that it will do in moft places, except in very wet or cold 
ftiallow grounds: becaufe it will bear cutting, heading, 
lopping in any manner whatfoever, and probably with bet- 
ter fuccefs than any other tree. The lime-tree is appro¬ 
ved, becaufe it will do well in any tolerable foil, if the 
bottom be not hot and gravelly ; and becaufe of the regu¬ 
lar lhape it has in growing, the agreeablenefts of its fhade, 
and the beautiful colour of its leaves. The horfe chefnut 
is alfto to be lifted in ftuch places as are very well defended 
from ftrong winds ; becaufe, wherever it grows freely, if 
it be not (kilfully managed now and then by cutting, the 
branches are fubjeift to ftplit down. This tree is valuable 
on account of its quick growth, the earlinefs of its coming 
out, the noblenefs of its leaves, and the beauty of its flow, 
ers, being a fine plant both for (hade and ornament. This 
delights in a ftrong hearty foil, but will do well in any 
tolerable ground, if good care be taken in the planting of 
it; but, wherever thefe trees are planted in avenues, they 
fhould be placed thirty feet afunder, that their heads may 
have room to fpread, otherwife they will not appear fo 
beautiful. The common chefnut will do well in a proper 
foil, and will rife to a confiderable height, if planted clofe 
together ; but, if it be planted fingly, where the tree can 
take its own natural fhape, it is rather inclined to fpread 
and grow globous than tall. The beech is recommended 
by fome ; but this feldom ftucceeds well after tranftplant- 
ing, without extraordinary care ; though it arrives to a 
very large tree in many places in England, where it grows 
naturally ; and is the moft tedious and troublefome to 
raife, to any tolerable fize, in a nurfery way. The abele 
grows more diftperfted and loofe in its head than any of the 
former, aud, confequently, is worfe for defence ; but yet 
is not to be left out from the number of trees for avenues, 
becaufe it is the quickeft in growth of all the foreft trees, 
and will thrive tolerably well in aimoft any foil, and par¬ 
ticularly in wet ground, where few of the above-mention¬ 
ed trees will thrive, and this feldom fails in tranfplanting. 
AVENZO'AR (Abu Merwan Abdalmalec Ebn Zohr), 
A V E 
an eminent Arabian phyfician, flourifhed about the end of 
the eleventh or the beginning of the twelfth century. Tie 
was of noble defeent, born at Seville, the capital of An- 
dalufia, where he exercifed his profeffion with great repu¬ 
tation. His grandfather and father were both phyticians. 
The large eftate he inherited from his anceftors, fet him 
above the neceffity of pradtiling for gain : he therefore 
took no fees from the poor, or from artificers, though he 
refufed not the prefents of princes and great men. His 
liberality was extended even to his enemies ; for which 
reafon he ufed to fay, that they hated him not for any 
fault of his, but rather out of envy. Dr. Freind writes, 
that he lived to the age of 135 ; that he began to practife 
at forty, or (as others fay) at twenty; and had the advan¬ 
tage of a longer experience than aimoft any one ever had, 
for he enjoyed perfeft health to his laft hour. He left a 
fon, known alfo by the name of Ebn Zohr , who followed 
his father’s profeffion, was in great favour with A 1 Manzur 
emperor of Morocco, and wrote feverai treatifes of phyfic. 
Avenzoar was cotemporary with Averroes, who, ac¬ 
cording to Leo Africanus, heard the lectures of the for¬ 
mer, and learned phyfic-of him ; this feems the more pro¬ 
bable, becaufe Averroes more than once gives Avenzoar 
a very high and deferved encomium, calling him “admi¬ 
rable, glorious, the treafure of all knowledge, and the 
moft fupreme in phyfic from the time of Galen to his 
own.” Avenzoar, notwithftanding, is by the generality 
of writers reckoned an empiric : but Dr. Freind obferves, 
that this character fuits him lefs than any of the reft of 
the Arabians. “ He was bred,” continues that author, 
“ in a phyfical family, his father and grandfather being 
both practitioners, whom he always remembers with great 
gratitude and honour. We have his own teftimony that 
he had a regular education ; and that he not only learned 
what properly belongs to a phyfician, but, out of a great 
defire of knowledge, every thing befides which relates to 
pharmacy or forgery.” He wrote a book intitled Tayajjir 
Ji'lmddawdt zv'altadbir , i. e. “ The method of preparing 
medicines and diet; which is much efteemed. This work 
was tranfiated into Hebrew, in 1280, and thence into La¬ 
tin, by Paravicius, whofe verlion has had feverai editions. 
AU'ER, a river of Lithuanian Rufila, which runs into 
the Pregel; twelve miles weft of Infterburg. 
To AVER', v. a. [averer, Fr. from verum, Lat. truth.] 
To declare pofitively, or peremptorily.—We may aver, 
though the power of God be infinite, the capacities of 
matter are within limits. Bentley. 
A'VERA,yi [quafi overa, from ouvre , and ovvrage , Fr. 
velut operagium. ] Signifies a day’s work of a ploughman, 
formerly valued at 8d. It is found in Domefday. 
A'VERAGE,yi \_averagium , Lat.] A medium, a mean 
proportion. In law, it means that duty or fervice which 
the tenant is to pay to the king, or other lord, by his 
beads and carriages. In navigation, it fignifies the acci¬ 
dents and misfortunes which happen to fliips and their 
cargoes, from the time of their loading and failing to their 
return and unloading; and is divided into three kinds. 1. 
The fimple or particular average, which confifts in the 
extraordinary expenees incurred for the ftiip alone, or for 
the merchandizes alone. Such is the lofs of anchors, 
mails, and rigging, occafioned by the common accidents 
at fea; the damages which happen to merchants by ftorm, 
prize, fhipwreck, wet, or rotting; all which mult be 
borne and paid by the thing which buffered the damage. 
2. The large and common average, being thofe expenees 
incurred, and damages fuftained, for the common good 
and fecurity both of the merchandizes and veflels, confe- 
quently to be borne by the fhip and cargo, and to be re¬ 
gulated upon the whole. Of this number are the goods 
or money given for the ran font of the fhip and cargo, things 
thrown overboard for the fafety of the fhip, the expenees 
of unloading for entering into a river or harbour, and the 
provifions and hire of the bailors when the fhip is put un¬ 
der an embargo. 3. The final 1 averages, which are the 
expenees for towing and piloting the fhip out of or into 
harbours. 
