AUG 
AUGUS'TINS, or Aucusti'nians, an order of re- 
Jigious; thus called from St. Auguftin, whole rule they 
obferve. The Auguftins, popularly alfo called Auftin 
friars, were originally hermits, whom pope Alexander IV. 
fir It congregated into one body, under their general Lan- 
franc, in 1236. Soon after their inftitution, this order was 
brought into England, where they had about thirty-two 
houfes at the time of their fuppreffion. The A ugh ft ins 
are clothed in black, and make one of the four orders of 
mendicants. From thefe arofe a reform, under the deno¬ 
mination of barc-foot Augujlins, or minor els, or friars minor. 
There are alio canons regular of St. Auguftin, who are 
clothed in white, excepting their cope, which is black. 
Before the French revolution, they were known at Paris 
under the denomination of religious of Genevieve; that 
abbey being the chief of the order. There are alio nuns 
and canonelfes, who obferve the rules of St. Auguftin. 
AUGUSTI'NIANS, are thole divines who maintain, 
on the authority of St. Auguftin, that grace is effectual 
from its nature, abfolutely and morally, and not relatively 
and gradually. They are divided into rigid and relaxed, 
and hold that the gates of heaven are Unit till the day of 
judgment or general refurredtion. 
AUGUST'NESS,y. Elevation of look ; dignity ; lofti- 
riefs of mien or afpedt. 
AUGUSTOBO'NA, a city of the Tricaflers in ancient 
Gaul, from whom it was afterwards called Tricajfes, and 
Trecajfx-, and (till farther corrupted to Thracce, or Treci-, 
whence the name Troyes, in Champaigne, on the Seine. 
AUGUSTODU'NUM, the capital of the Aidui, where 
there was a famous academy or fchool for the education 
of youth ; now Autun , in Burgundy. 
AUGUSTO'MAGUS, an ancient town of Gallia Bel- 
gica; now Sentis, in the file of France. 
AUGUSTORI'TUM, according to fome authors, the 
capital of the Pidtones, afterwards called Pidtavi; now 
PoiEliers. But by Antonine’s Itinerary from Burdigala to 
Argantomagus (or Argenton as it is interpreted by many), 
it can be no other than the capital of the Lemovices, now 
Limoges, fituate between Vefunna of the Petrocorii, or Pe- 
rigueux, and Argantomagus. 
AUGUSTOW', a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
Biellk, fifty-fix miles north-north-weft of Bielik. 
AUGUSTURSHUNN', a town of Germany, in the cir¬ 
cle of Upper Saxony, and marquilate of Meiften, near 
Radeberg. 
AUGUS'TUS, the appellation conferred upon Caefar 
Odtavianus, the firft Roman emperor. The obfeure name 
of Odtavianus, Mr. Gibbon obferves, he derived from a 
mean family, in the little town of Aricia. It was ftained 
with the blood of the profeription ; and he was defirous, 
had it been poflible, to eraie all memory of his former 
life. The illuftrious furname of Cafar he had afllimed, as 
the adopted Ion of the dictator; but he had too much 
good fenfe either to hope to be confounded or to with to be 
compared with that extraordinary man. It was propofed 
in the lenate, to dignify their minifter with anew appella¬ 
tion ; and, after a very fet ious difeuflion, that of Augufus 
was chofen among feveral others, as being the molt ex- 
preffive of the character of peace and fanClity, which he 
uniformly afteCfed. Auguftus was therefore a perfonal, 
Caelar a family, diftinclion. The former ftiould naturally 
have expired with the prince on whom it was beftowed; 
and, however the latter was dift'ufed by adoption and fe¬ 
male alliance, Nero was the laft prince who could allege 
any hereditary claim to the honours of the Julian, line. 
But, at the time of his death, the practice of a century 
had infeparably connected thofe appellations with the im¬ 
perial dignity, and they have been preferved by a long 
iuccefiion of emperors, Romans, Greeks, Franks, and Ger¬ 
mans, from the fall of the republic to the prefent time. A 
diftinCtion was, howeyer, foon introduced. The facred title 
of Auguftus was always referved for the monarch ; the name 
of Caefar was more freely communicated to his relations; 
andj from the reign of Adrian at leaft, was appropriated 
A V I 
to the fecond perfon in the ftate, who was confidered as 
the prefumptive heir of the empire. 
AU'HAFF, a town of Germany, in the archduchy of 
Auftria, fix miles (outh-fouth-weft of Ips. 
AVIA'NO, a town of Italy, in the province of Friuli, 
twenty-eight miles welt of Udina, and fifteen eaft-fouth- 
eaft of Belluno. 
A'VI ARY, f. [from avis, Lat. a bird. ] A place inclo- 
fed to keep birds in.—In aviaries of wire, to keep birds of 
all forts, the Italians beftow vaft expence ; including great 
fcope of ground, variety of bullies, trees of good height, 
running waters, and fometimes a ftove annexed, to con- 
temper the air in the winter. IVotton. 
AVICE'NA, Avicen'ne, or Avice'nes, called the 
prince of Arabian philofophers and phyficians, was born 
at Aftena, near Bokhara, in 978; and died at Hamadan in 
1036, being fifty-eight years of age. The firft years of 
his life were employed on the finely of the Belles Lettres, 
and the Koran, and at ten years of age he was perfeCt maf- 
ter of the hidden fenles of that book. Then, applying 
to the fludy of logic, philofophy, and mathematics, he 
quickly made a rapid progrefs. After ftudying under a 
mafter the firft principles of logic, and the firft five or fix 
propofitions of Euclid’s elements, he became difgufted 
with the flow manner of the fchools, applied himfelf alone, 
and foon accomplilhed all the reft by the help of the com¬ 
mentators only. Poftefied with an extreme avidity to be 
acquainted with all the fciences, he ftudied medicine alfo. 
Perfuaded that this art conlifts as much in practice as in 
theory, he fought all opportunities of feeing the lick; and 
afterwards confefted, that he had learned more from Inch 
experience than from all the books he had read. Being 
now in his 16th year, and already celebrated for being the 
light of his age, he determined to refume his (Indies in 
philofophy, which medicine, &c. had made him for fome 
time negledt: and he (pent a year and a half in this pain¬ 
ful labour, without ever lleeping all this time a whole night 
together. At the age of twenty-one, he conceived the 
bold delign of incorporating, in one work, all the objects 
of human knowledge; and he carried it into execution in 
an Encyclopaedia of twenty volumes, to which he gave 
the title of the ‘Utility of Utilities.’ 
Many wonderful (lories are related of his lkill in medi¬ 
cine, and the cures which he performed. Several princes 
had been taken dangcroufly ill, and Avicenes was the only 
one that could know their ailments, and cure them. His 
reputation increafed daily, and all the princes of the eaft 
delired to retain him in their families, and in fa£t he pa (Ted 
through feveral of them. But the irregularities of his 
condudt fometimes loft him their favour, and threw him 
into great diftreftes. His exceffes in pleafures, and his in¬ 
firmities, made a poet fay, who wrote his epitaph, that the 
profound ftudy of philofophy had not taught him good 
morals, nor that of medicine the art of preferving his own 
health. After his death, however, he enjoyed fo great a 
reputation, that till the 12th century he was preferred for 
the ftudy of philofophy and medicine to all his predecef- 
fors. Even in Europe his works were the only writings 
in vogue in the fchools. They were very numerous, and 
various, the titles of which are as follow : 1. Of the Uti¬ 
lity and Advantage of the Sciences, in twenty books. 2. 
Of Innocence and Criminality. 3. Of Health and Rente 
dies, eighteen books. 4. On the Means of preferving 
Health. 3. Canons of Phyfic, fourteen books. 6. On 
Aftronomical Obfervations. 7. On Mathematical Scien¬ 
ces. 8. Of Theorems, or Mathematical and Theological 
Demonftrations. 9. On the Arabic Language, and its Pro¬ 
perties, ten books. 10. On the Laft Judgment. 11, On 
the Origin of the Soul, and the Refurreciion of Bodies. 
12. On the End we ftiould propofe ro ourfelves in Ha¬ 
rangues and Philofophical Argumentations. 18. Demon- 
ftration of the Collateral Lines in the Sphere. 14. Abridg¬ 
ment of Euclid. 35. On Finity and Infinity, j 6. On 
Phylics and Metaphyfics. 17. On Animals and Vegeta ¬ 
bles, &c. 18. Encyclopaedia, twenty volumes. 
AVICEN'NI A . 
