70S BAR 
he was ambaffador, conferred the patriarchate of Aqui- 
leia upon him. 
Barearus (Daniel), of the fame family with the pre¬ 
ceding, was alfo patriarch of Aquileia, and famous for his 
learning. He was ambaflador from Venice to England ; 
and was one of the fathers of the council of Trent, wherein 
he (he wed great zeal for the intereft of the ; ope. He wrote, 
1. A Commentary upon Vitruvius. 2. Catena Grcccorum 
Patrum in quivquaginla PJalmos Latine verfa. 3. La Prattica 
della Pci fpediva. Me died in 1569, at forty-one years of age. 
BAR'BARY, a very extenlive country of Africa, com¬ 
prehending the dates of Morocco and Fez, Algiers, Tu¬ 
nis, Tripoli, and Barca. It forms the northern boundary 
of Africa, in its fulled extent; and dretches from Egypt 
on the ead, to the Atlantic Ocean on the wed, including 
thirty-five degrees of longitude, or from ten degrees weft 
to twenty-five degrees e.ad. Its northern part forms the 
fouthern ihore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is of a very 
irregular (liape ; in fome parts approaching to the thirtieth 
degree of north latitude, and in others reaching beyond 
thirty-feven degrees. It is bounded on the fouth by'Sa¬ 
hara, or the great defert; and is 1200 miles in length, 
and 320 in breadth ; but the breadth is lefs or more in dif¬ 
ferent places. On the Atlantic are the kingdoms of Mo¬ 
rocco and Fez, and on the Mediterranean are Algiers, 
Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. The northern parts of this 
country were probably fird peopled by the Egyptians ; 
but the early periods of the hiftory of this extenfive region 
are involved in the greateft obfeurity. The Phenicians 
very early fent colonies hither, and built Utica and Car¬ 
thage about 137 years before the foundation of Rome. 
Carthage was (ituated near the fpot where Tunis now 
Hands. The Carthagenians foon became powerful and 
wealthy by trade; and, finding the country divided by 
many petty princes, they either fubdued them or made 
them tributary. As they advanced in power, mod of 
the iflands in the Mediterranean became fubjedt to them ; 
and the rich and extenfive kingdom of Spain alfo fell un¬ 
der their dominion. At length, the ambitious views of 
Carthage brought on a war with Rome ; and they were 
finally fubdued by that warlike people, 146 years before 
Chrifi. 
Concerning the origin of the word Barbary, there are 
many conjecture's. According to fome, the Romans, af¬ 
ter they had conquered the country, gave it that name out 
of contempt, according to their ufual cuftojn of calling 
all other people but themfeives Barbarians. Marmol, on 
the contrary, derives the word from Berber, a name given 
by the Greeks and Arabs to its ancient inhabitants, and 
which Bruce fa>s fignified fliepherd-, which was the origi¬ 
nal occupation of the natives, particularly in the interior, 
and near the mountains of Atlas. Others, however, de¬ 
rive it from the Arabic word bar, fignifyinga defert, twdee 
repeated ; which was given by one Africus, a king of 
Arabia, from whom the whole continent of Africa is (aid 
by fome to have taken its name. According to them, 
this king being driven out of his own dominions, and 
clofely purfuea by his enemies, his retinue called out to 
him Bar, bar-, that is, ‘To the defert, To the defert;’ 
from which the country was afterwards called Barbary. 
Among the Romans this territory was divided into the 
provinces of Mauritania, Africa Propria, &c. and they 
continued abfolute mailers of it from the reign of Julius 
Ctefar, till the year of Chrifi; 428. At that time Bonifa- 
cius, the Roman governor of thefe provincs, having 
through the treachery of .TLtius been forced to revolt, 
called, to his affiftance Genferic king of the Vandals, who 
had been fome time fettled in Spain. The terms oifeted, 
according to Procopius, were, that Genferic fiiould have 
two-thirds, and Bonifacius one-third, of Africa, provided 
they could maintain themfeives again!! the Roman power; 
to accomplifli which, they were to aflift each other to the 
utmoft. This propofal was inftantly complied with ; and 
Genferic fet fail from Spain In May 428, with an army 
oi 80,000 men, according to fome, or only 24,000 accord- 
B A R 
ing to others, with their wives, children, and all their' ef* 
feels. In the mean time the emprefs Placidia, having dil" 
covered the caufe of Bonifacius’s revolt, wrote a kind and 
obliging letter to him, in which lhe allured him of Her 
favour and protection, exhorting him to return to his du¬ 
ty, and exert his ufual zeal for the welfare of the empire, 
by driving out the Barbarians, whom the malice of his 
enemies had obliged him to call in.for his own fafety and 
prefervation. Bonifacius complied with this requeft, and 
offered the Vandals conliderable fit ms if they would re¬ 
turn to Spain. But Genferic, already mailer of the great¬ 
efi part of the country, firfi returned an evafive anfwer, 
and then, falling unexpefledly on him, cut moft of his 
men in pieces, and obliged Bonifacius to fly to Hippo, 
which place he inverted in May 430. The fiege lafted till 
July the following year ; when.the Vandals were forced, 
by a famine that began to rage in their camp, to drop the 
enterprize, and retire. Soon after, Bonifacius having re¬ 
ceived two reinforcements, one from Rome, and the other, 
under the conduct of the celebrated Afpar, from Con- 
fiantinople, it was refolved by the Roman generals to offer 
the enemy battle. The Vandals readily accepted the chal¬ 
lenge: a bloody engagement enfued, in which the Romans 
were utterly defeated, a prodigious number of them taken, 
and the reft obliged to (heller themfeives among the rocks 
and mountains. Afper, who commanded the eaftern 
troops, efcaped with difficulty to Conftantinople, and Bo¬ 
nifacius was recalled to Italy. Upon their departure, the 
Vandals over-ran all Africa, committing every where the 
moft terrible ravages ; which firuck the inhabitants of 
Hippo w ith fuch terror, that they abandoned their city, 
which was plundered and burnt by the victorious enemy; 
fo that Cirtha and Carthage were now tile only llrong 
places p ode (fed by the Romans. 
In 435, Genferic, probably being afraid of an attack by 
the united forces of the eaftern and weftern empires, con¬ 
cluded a peace with the Romans, who yielded to him part 
of Numidia, the province of Proconfularis, and Byzacene; 
for which, according to Profper, he was to pay an yearly 
tribute to the emperor of the eaft. Genferic delivered 
up his foil Hunneric by way of hoftage ; but lo great was 
the confidence w hich the Romans placed in this barbarian, 
that they fent back his fon. Of this they had foon reafon 
to repent ; for in 439, the Romans being engaged in a 
war with the Goths, Genferic embraced the opportunity 
to feize upon the city of Carthage; by which he confi- 
derably enlarged his African dominions. Genferic now 
made Carthage the (eat of his.empire ; and in 440 he at¬ 
tacked the ifland of Sicily, where he ravaged the open 
country, and laid fiege to Palermo. But, not being able 
to reduce that place, he returned' to Africa with an im- 
menfe booty, and a vaft number of captives. Being now 
become formidable to botli empires, Theodofius emperor 
of the eaft refolved to aflift Valentinian emperor of Rome, 
againft fo powerful an enemy. Accordingly, lie fitted out 
a large fleet of (hips ; and putting on-board the flower of 
his army, under the condudt of Arcovindas, Anfilus, 
and Germanus, lie ordered them to land in Africa, and, 
joining the weftern forces there, to drive Genferic out of 
the countries he had feized. But, Genferic in the mean 
time pretending a defire to be reconciled with both em¬ 
pires, lie ainufed the Roman general with propofals of 
peace, till the feafon for ad!ion was over ; and, next year, 
Theodofius being obliged to recal his forces to oppofe the 
Huns, Valentinian was obliged to conclude a peace with 
the Vandals; and this he could obtain on no other terms 
than yielding to them the quiet poireflion of the countries 
they had feized. 
So powerful was Genferic now become, or rather fo re¬ 
duced was the Roman empire, that in 455 he took and 
plundered the city of Rome ; (which fee under the article 
Rome ;) and, after his return to Africa, he made him- 
felf matter of the remaining countries held by the Ro¬ 
mans in that part of the world. Afterwards Avitus, who 
had fucceeded Valentinian, difpatched ambaftadors to 
Genferic, 
