BAR 
♦tiral foil is on the declivities of hills near the fait marfhes. 
Barilla contains lefs fait than the others: when burnt, it 
runs into a mafs refembling a fpongy done, with a faint 
craft of blue. 
Gazul, after it has been burnt, comes as near barilla in 
its outward appearance as it does while growing in its Ve¬ 
getable form; but, if broken, the intide is of a deeper and 
more gloify blue. Soaz and lalicor are darker and almolt 
black within, of a heavier confidence, with very little or 
no fign of fponginefs. All their afhes contain a ftrong 
alkali ; but barilla the belt and pared, though not in the 
greated quantity. Upon this principle, it is dtted for 
making glals and bleaching linen ; the others are ufed in 
making i’oap. Each of them would whiten linen ; but 
all, except barilla, would burn it. For the cultivation, 
fee SaI.icornia. The method ufed in making barilla is 
the fame as that followed in Britain in burning kelp. The 
.plant as foon as ripe is plucked up and laid in heaps, then 
let on dre. The fait juices run out below into an hole 
made in the ground, where they run into a vitrified lump, 
which is left about a fortnight to cool. An acre may give 
about a ton. 
BARlLLA'RlUS,y. An ancient officer in rconaderies 
and great houfeholds, who had the care of the calks and 
•veffels of wine, See. in the cellars. 
BAR rLLOVlTZ', a town of Croatia, on the river 
Korana, ten miles fouth Carldaat. 
B A'RIN, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province of 
Natolia, twelve miles fouth of Amafiah. 
BA'RING of TREES, f. in agriculture, the taking 
away fome of the earth about the roots, that the winter- 
rain and fnow-water may penetrate farther into the roots. 
This is frequently praftifed in the autumn. 
BARJOLS', a town of France, and principal place of 
a didrift, in the department of the Var; the town is po¬ 
pulous, andisdtuated in a charming country : nine leagues 
north of Toulon ; and eight ead of Aix. Lat. 43. 35. N. 
Ion. 23.41. E. Ferro. 
BAR.-jO T NAS, [nrnn of ns of a fon, and riV, Fleb. a 
dove. J A name given by our Saviour to Peter the apodle. 
B ARIQUISEME'TO, a river of North America, in 
the country cf Terra Firma, which runs into the-Oronooko. 
BARITO'NO,yi in.nufdc, denotes a voice ol low pitch, 
between a tener and bafs, 
BA'RIUM, anciently a town of Apulia on the Adri¬ 
atic ; lo called from the founders, who being expelled from 
the ifiand Bara built this town. It is now called Bari. 
BARK,/, [bark, Dan.] In the anatomy of plants, the 
exterior part of trees, correfponding to the fkin of'an ani¬ 
mal. As animals are furnidied with a panhiculus adipofus, 
ufually replete with fat, which inveds and covers all the 
flediy parts, and prdtefts them from external injury ; fo 
plants are encompaffed with a bark replete with fatty 
juices, by means whereof the cold is kept out, and in 
winter-time the fpiculse of ice prevented from fixing and 
freezing the juices in the velfels : whence it is, that fome 
forts of trees remain ever-green the year round., by reafon 
their barks' contain more oil than can be fpent and exhaled 
by the fun, &c. 
The bark of trees in general is of a fpongy texture ; 
and, by many little fibres which pafs through the capil¬ 
lary tubes, whereof the wood confids, it communicates 
with the pith ; fo that the proper nutriment of the tree, 
’being imbibed by the roots, and carried up through the 
veflels of the tree by the waniith of the foil, &c. to the 
top of the plant, is ufually fuppofed to be there condenf- 
cd, and in that form returns by its own gravity down the 
vedels, which do the office of veins, lying between the 
wood and inner bark; leaving, as it paffes by,, fuch parts 
of its juice as the texture of the’bark requires for its fup- 
port. That loft whitifh rind or fubdance between the in¬ 
ner bark and the wood, which Mr. Bradley thinks does 
the office of veins, fome account a tiiird bark, only differ¬ 
ing from the other two in that its dbres are clofer. It is 
this that contains the liquid lap, gums, &c. found in 
plants in the fpring and fummer months. It hardens by 
little and little, by means of the fap it tranfmits, and is 
converted imperceptibly into the woody part of the tree. 
There are feW trees without it ; yei it is dill found in lefs 
quantity as'the tree is more expofed to the fun: that of 
the oak is ordinarily about an inch thick. It is here that 
the decay of trees generally begins; whence thofe who fell 
and cut out trees, ought always to leave as little of it on 
*tis pofiible. 
The bark of roots is fometimes yellow, as in dock; 
fometimes red, as in biftort; but oftened white. It is 
derived from the feed itfelf, being only the extenfion of 
the parenchyma of the radicle. It is of various degrees of 
fubdance, being fometimes very thin, as in the Jerufalem 
artichoke, and in mod trees : yet fometimes it is very 
thick, and makes the greated part of the fubdance of the 
root, as in afparagus and dandelion. In beet-root, the 
bark fcarce exceeds a good tliiqk (kin ; whereas in a car¬ 
rot, it is half the femidiameter of the root, being in fome 
places above.an inch over. This too is found common lo 
the generality of roots, that their barks are proportionably 
thicker at bottom than at top. 
The inner part of the bark, we have obferved, annu¬ 
ally lignifies or turns to wood. The bark of a tree is found 
each year to divide and didribute itfelf into two contrary 
ways: the outer part gives towards the fkin,‘till it be¬ 
comes fkin itfelf, and at length falls off, like the human 
cuticle, or the exuviae of ferpents ; while the inmod por¬ 
tion is yearly didi ibuted and added to the wood. The 
bark is found truly continuous to the body of the tree, as 
the fkin of our body is to the fled) ; contrary to the com¬ 
mon opinion, that the bark only furrounds the tree, as a 
fcabbard does a fword, or a glove the hand ; which feems, 
condrmed by the eafy Hipping of the bark of the willow, 
and mod other trees when full of lap, from the wood. 
Their continuity is edefted by means of the parenchyma , 
which is one entire body, running from the bark into the 
wood, and thus uniting both together. The reafon why 
the bark dips fo eadly from the wood is, that mod of the 
parenchymous parts are young vedels, formed every year 
fuccefllvely between the wood and the bark, and are much 
in the condition of the tender vedels or dbres of the em¬ 
bryo in a womb, or egg ; a thoufand of which are broke 
with the fmalled force. That trees only live by the afeent 
of the fap in or between the bark and the wood, and that 
if a circle be drawn round any tree (except, perhaps, adi) 
by incidon to tl^e timber, how thin'foever the knife be, 
provided no part of the thicknefs of the bark remain un¬ 
cut, the tree will die from that part upwards, has been 
the Handing-doftrine of naturalids of all ages, and is de¬ 
livered for fa ft by Pliny and others. But Dr. Plott afferts 
this to be a popular error, for the indance of a large old 
elm in Magdalen college grove, quite difbarked around, 
at mod places two feet, at fome four feet, from the ground, 
which yet grew and flouridied many years, as well as any 
tree in the grove. Beddes, it was entirely without pith, 
being hollow within as a drum : and the fame is confirmed 
from the hilfory of the elm in the Thuilleries, related by 
M. Parent, which lived and put out leaves, though en¬ 
tirely dripped of bark from top to bottom. It may alfo 
be obferved, that the plane and cork trees dived them- 
felves yearly of all their old bark, and 'acquire new, as 
Inakes do their (kins ; and in the change from one to the 
other, it is evidently not by the bark that they are nouridi¬ 
ed. Some infer from hence, that the bark never feeds 
the wood ; but Dr. Plott is more referved in his conclu- 
lion, arguing only, that hence it feems to follow, that 
there mud be other veffels, beddes the fan-veffels of the 
bark, capable of the office of conveying, fap. It is pro¬ 
bable when the ordinary conveyance fails, fome of the 
woody part, which had all once been fap-vcffds, refumes 
its ancient office; or, as the fame author conjeftures, they 
dill fo far retain their office of conveying fap, as to keep 
a tree alive, though not to augment it ; which may, per¬ 
haps, be one-diderent ufe of thofe lap.vedels in the wood 
from 
