758 BAR 
he will not endeavour to excite unjiift prejudices again ft 
him; nor avail himfelf of thofe which may already have 
been excited. He will be anxious to feparate the queftion 
of law from that of character, in all cafes in which they 
are not neceffarily connedted: and even where they are 
blended together, far from loading-the man againft wliom^ 
he demands a verdidl with calumnious obloquy and unge¬ 
nerous reproaches, he will not feelc to depreciate, nor 
lielitate to avow, tire merits which the objedt of his attack 
may pollefs. He will not reprefent the cattle which he 
fupports, or the fentence which he requires, as more im¬ 
portant than he believes them to be to the public welfare, 
lie will fpontaneoully undeceive the court, if he fhould 
difeover them to entertain conceptions of the matter be¬ 
fore them in any refpedt erroneous, though he (hould fore- 
fee that his ingenuoufnefs would be difadvantageous to his 
caufe. If his proofs reft on prefumptions and probabilities 
■Slone, lie will not contrive indirectly to convey an impref- 
fion that he is arguing from acknow ledged fadts ; nor will 
he boldly pronounce a mafs of circumftantial evidence en¬ 
titled to a degree of weight which he is convinced it ought 
not to obtain ! He will reflect that exaggeration, however 
it may have been defined by the matters of rhetoric, gene¬ 
rally proves, according to modern ufage, but another name 
for falfehood . He will not pay court to the foibles, nor 
avail himfelf of the prepoffe (lions, of the judge. He will 
not drive to impofe on the jury, nor entrap them into the 
fervice of his client, by pra (Tiling on their partiality for 
himfelf. In relating tranfadfions to them, he will ftudy 
to lay every particular before them with fairnefs and per- 
fpicuity ; and in Inch manner as he deems moft likely to 
put them into pofl'eflion of the true nature of the cafe. In 
addrefting them, while he avails himfelf of his powers of 
oratory to raife in their breads a fympathetic concern for 
the perfon whom he defends, and to place his claim be¬ 
fore them in -the moft attradtivd garb with which fincerity 
will permit him to invert it ; he will not attempt to per¬ 
vert their judgment by leading them to view the fubjedt 
merely through the dazzling medium of their paftions. 
Towards the evidences produced, whether on behalf of 
the plaintiff or of the defendant, he will condudt himfelf 
according to the principles of fair dealing. He will ad- 
inonifti all of them with equal impartiality and folicitude 
of the facrednefs of an oath. He will not reprefent thofe 
who come forward in fupport of his client as entitled to 
be believed, when he difeovers that they are unworthy of 
confidence ; he will not defame the witneffes of the adverfe 
party ; nor, by luggefting illiberal fufpicions and reforting 
to unreafonable cavils, ftrive to rob their teftimony of the 
credit which it deferves. He will not overawe their timi¬ 
dity by brow-beating and menaces, nor impofe on their 
fimplicity by fophiftry and cunning. He will not feek by 
oblique artifice to lead the evidences on either fide to affirm 
fadls of the certainty of which they are doubtful ; nor in- 
fidioully labour to extradf from their words a fenfe foreign 
to their intentions. He will abhor the idea of drawing 
thofe who appear againft him into feeming contradictions 
and perjury, when he perceives their meaning to be honed, 
and their ftory in reality confident. It is happily ordered 
by Providence, that in the common courfe of human events 
the paths of duty and policy are found ultimately to coin¬ 
cide. The number of examples by which this general 
propofition is illuftrated, may be increafed by referring to 
what takes place at the bar. The indulgence of unwar¬ 
rantable practices is proved by experience to be generally 
inaufpicious to the very caufe which they are intended to 
affift ; and finally ruinous to the character of the man who 
is accuftonted to recur to them. 
BAR'RITUS, f. a word of German original, adopted 
by the Romans to fignify the general fhout ufually given 
by the (oldiers of their armies on their firft encounter af¬ 
ter the clajjicum or alarm. This cuftom was not peculiar 
■ to the Romans^ but prevailed amongft the 1 rojans accord¬ 
ing to Homer, amongft the Germans, the Gauls, Mace- 
*kmiano, and Perlians. 
BAR 
B AR'ROE-LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, in the county 
of Monaghan ; eleven miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Monaghan. 
BAR'ROS (John), a celebrated Portuguele hiftorian, 
born at VifcQ, in 1496. He was educated at the court of 
king Emanuel, among the,princes ol the-blood, and made 
■ a great progrefs in Greek and Latin. The infant John, 
to whom he attached himfelf, and became prfeceptor, ha¬ 
ving fucceeded the king his father in 1521, Barros ob¬ 
tained a place in this prince’s houfehold ; and, in 1522, 
was made governor of St. George del Mina, on the coaft 
of Guinea. Three years after the king, having recalled 
him to court, made him treafurer of the Indies, and this 
port infpired him with the thought of writing its hiftory, 
for which purpofe he retired to Poinpas, where he died in 
1570. His hiftory of Alia and the Indies is divided into 
decades; the firft he publilhed in 1552, the fecond in 
1553, th e third in 1563, and the fourth in 1615. Several 
authors have continued if, fo that we have at prefent 
twelve decades. 
BAR'ROW, f. \bercwe , Sax. fuppofed by Skinner to 
come from bear .] Any kind of carriage moved by the 
hand ; as, a hand-barrow, a frame of boards, with handies 
at each end, carried between two men ; a wheel-bar row, 
that which one man parties forward by railing it upon one 
wheel.—Have I lived to be carried in a balket, like a 
barrow of butcher’s offal, and thrown into the Thames > 
Shakejpeare. 
Barrow, f. [berg , Sax.] A caftrated hog: whence 
barrow greafe, or hog’s lard. 
Barrow, whether in the beginning or end of names of 
places, fignifies a grove ; from bearwe , which the Saxons 
ufed in the fame fenfe. Gibfon. 
Barrow, in ancient topography, an artificial hillock 
or mount, met with in many parts of the world, intended 
as repofitories or monuments for the dead, and formed 
either of ftones heaped up, or of earth. For the former, 
more generally known by the name of cairns, fee, Cairns. 
Of the latter, Dr. Plot takes notice of two forts in Oxford- 
ftiire : one placed on the military ways; the other in the 
fields, meadows, or woods ; the firft fort doubtlefs of Ro¬ 
man eredfion, the other more probably erected by the 
Britons or Danes'. We have an examination of the bar- 
rows in Cornwall by Dr. Williams, in the Philof. Tranf. 
No. 458 ; from whole obfervations'it feems they are com- 
pofed of foreign or adventitious earth brought from fome 
diftance. On digging into the barrows, urns have been 
found in fome of them, made of calcined earth, and con¬ 
taining burnt bones and allies ; in others, ftbne cherts con¬ 
taining bones entire; in others, bones neither lodged in 
cherts nor depoftted in urns. Thefe tumuli are round, not 
greatly elevated, and generally at their bales furrounded 
with a fofs. They are of different fizes; in proportion, 
as is fuppofed, to the greatnefs, rank, and power, of the 
deceafed perfon. The links or fands of Skail, in Sand¬ 
wich, one of the Orkneys, abound in round barrows. Some 
are formed of earth alone, others of done covered with 
earth. In the former was found a coffin, made of fix flat 
ftones. They are too ftiort to receive a body at full 
length : the ftceletons found in^them lie with the knees 
prelled to the bread:, and the legs doubled along the thighs. 
A bag, made of rufties has been found at the feet of fome 
of thefe fkeletons, containing the bones, moft probably, of 
another of the family. In one were to be feen mul¬ 
titudes of fmall beetles ; and as firhilar infedts have been 
difeovered in the bag which inclofed the facred Ibis, we 
may fuppofe that the Egyptians, and the nation by whom 
thefe tumuli were eredled, might have had the fame fu- 
perftition refpedting them. On fome of the corpfes in¬ 
terred in this ifland, the mode of burning was obferved. 
The allies, depoftted in an urn which was covered on the 
top with a flat done, have been found in the cell of one 
of the barrows. This coffin or cell was placed on the 
ground, then covered with a-heap of ftones, and that again 
cafed with earth and fods. Both barrow-and contents 
evince them to be of a different age from the former. 
Thefe 
