8*2 B A Z 
Ioffes they fudained. Af the fiege of Malta, a weapon 
called pila ignea was contrived to oppofe the bayonets, 
being in fome meafure the converfe thereof; as the latter 
confills of a dagger added to a fire-arm, the former con¬ 
fided of a fire-arm added to a pilum or pike. Of late the 
bayonet has come into very general ufe ; and battles have 
been won by it without firing a fhot. This way of fight¬ 
ing was chiefly reftored by the late king of Pruffia, who 
made his troops rufh forward at once with bayonets on the 
enemy. 
B AYON'NE, a feaport town, on the W. coafl of France. 
It is the feat of a tribunal, in the diftrict of Ufiaritz, and 
department of the Lower Pyrenees; fituated at the con¬ 
flux of the rivers Adour and Nive, about a league from 
the fea, with a good harbour, but difficult to enter. It is 
firongly fortified, the work of the celebrated Vauban. 
The town is large and of confiderable importance : mails 
are brought from the Pyrenees, by means of the Nive, 
the Gave of Oleron, and the Adour, tp Bayonne, and 
thence fnipped to Bred and other ports; a company was 
edablidied here for the northern whale fifhery in 1605. 
Before the revolution, it was the fee of a bifhop, fuffragan 
of Auch. In the year 1784, it was declared a free port: 
five pods and a half from Yron, on the frontiers of Spain, 
and 105 S. S. W. Paris. Lat-43.28.N. Ion. 16. 11. E. 
BAY'REUTI-I, or Bareuth, Bareith, a city of 
Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and principality of 
Culmbach, the relidence of the margraves, and capital 
of the whole principality, whence it is often called the 
principality of Bayreuth ; it is furrounded by the Main, 
Midlebach, and Sendlebach. It contains a palace, which, 
being burnt down in the year 1753, w>as again rebuilt in 
a beautiful dyle; one Calvinid and two Lutheran churches; 
a Roman Catholic chapel, a public fchool, a foundling 
hofpital, an academy, founded in the year 1722, by the 
margrave Frederick; and a college. In the year 1430 
this town was burned down by the Huflites. In the prin¬ 
cipality are fix remarkable grottos or caves, leading into 
one another, which are lofty and fpacious; and were pro¬ 
bably ufed in turbulent times, as places ot refuge. In the 
four interior caves, and in fmall chambers communicating 
by different openings, there has been found a very large 
quantity of bones, and other animal remains. The mould 
that covers the bottom, and .which forms the foil of thefe 
grottos, is evidently of animal origin, and intermixed with 
fragments of bones of various lizes, and in various degrees 
of pfefervation. The late Mr. John Hunter, who ex¬ 
amined many of thefe bones which were prefented to the 
Royal Society of London by tHe margrave of Antwerp, 
conlidered them as incrullations rather than extraneous 
foiTils, ‘fince their external furface had only acquired a co¬ 
vering of cryllallized earth, and little or no change had 
taken place in their internal drufture.’ He fuppoled that 
as they are bones of carnivorous animals, fome of which 
referable thofe of the white bear, and others thofe of the 
lion, the animals reforted to thefe caves, at different pe¬ 
riods, as places of retreat, and periflied in them. This city 
and principality formerly belonged to a prince of the houfe 
of Brandenburg, the laft of whom dying in 1782, it de- 
fcended to the king of Pruffia : 104 miles weft of Prague, 
fixty-four north of Ratilbon, .and forty-eight north-north- 
eaft of Augtburg. Lat. 49. 54. N. lort. 29. 24. E. Ferro. 
BAYS,/! A woollen (luff. See Baize. 
Bays, a town of France, in the department of the 
Mayenne, and chief place of a canton, in tjje diftriCt of 
Mayenne : two leagues north of Evron, and three and a 
half eaft-fouth-ead of Mayenne. 
B A'ZA, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola: 
feven miles fouth-fouth-wed of Feldes. 
Baza, or B A 9 A, a town of Spain, in the province of 
Granada, on the fouth (ide of the Guadalentin, between 
Guadix and Huefcar; fuppofed to be the ancient Balti, 
from whence the Ba/litani took their name : feven leagues 
north-eall from Guadix. Lat. 37.31. N. Ion. 13. 58. E. 
Peak of Teneriffe. 
B A Z 
BAZADOTS', before the revolution a province of 
France, fituated between Agenois, Condomois, and 
Guienne ; the land is fandy and unproductive. Bazas was 
the capital. 
BA'ZAR, or B as a R,yi [the word bazar feems of Ara¬ 
bic origin, where it denotes fale, or exchange of goods.] 
A denomination among the Turks, and Perlians, given to 
a kind of exchanges, or market-places where their fined 
duffs and other wares are fold. Thefe are alfo called 
bezefins. Some of the eadern bazars are open, like the 
market-places in Europe, and ferve for the fame ufes, 
more particularly for the fale of the bulky and lefs valu¬ 
able commodities. Others are covered with lofty ceilings, 
or even domes, pierced to give light; and it is in thefe 
the jewellers, goldfmiths, and other dealers in the richer 
wares, have their (hops. The bazar or maiden of Ifpahan 
is one of the fined places in Perfia, and even furpafles all 
the exchanges in Europe; yet, notwithdanding its mag¬ 
nificence, it is excelled by the bazar of Taut'is, whichTs 
the larged that is known, having feveral times held 30,000 
men ranged in order of battle. At Confiantinople, there are 
the old and the new bazar, which are large lquare build¬ 
ings, covered with domes, and fudained by arches and 
piladers: the former chiefly for arms, harneffes, and the 
like ; the latter for goldfmiths, jewellers, furriers, and 
all forts of manufacturers. 
B A'Z AS, a city of France, and principal place of a 
didriCt, in the department of the Gironde : before the re¬ 
volution the capital of Bazadois, and fee of a biffiop. The 
diocefe, which is (aid to have been one of the mod ancient 
in France, comprehends 250 pariflies, and was once of 
great extent. The number of- inhabitants is computed at 
2000 : ten leagues fouth-ead of Bourdeaux, thirteen wed- 
north-wed of Agen. Lat. 44. 26. N. Ion. 17. 27. E. Ferro. 
B A'Z AT, or Baza,/! A long fine fpun cotton, which 
comes from Jerufalem, whence it is called Jerufalem cotton. 
BAZGEND'GES.yi A fubfiance ufed by the Turks 
and other eadern nations in their fcarlet dying. They 
mix it for this purpofe with cochineal and tartar.; two 
ounces of the bazgendges to one ounce of cochineal. Thefe 
are generally edeemed a fort of fruit, and are produced 
on certain trees in Syria and other places ; and it is ufu- 
allv fuppofed, that the farcity and dearnefs of them is the 
only reafon that they are not ufed in Europe. But the 
bazgendges deem to be no other than the horns of the tur¬ 
pentine tree in the eadern parts of the world; and it is not 
only in Syria that they are found, but in China alfo. Many 
things of this kind were fent over to Mr. Geoftry at Paris 
from China as the fubdances ufed in the fcarlet-dying of 
that country, and they all proved wholly the fame with 
the Syrian and Turkilh bazgendges, and with the common 
turpentine horns. The lentifk, or madic-tree, is alfo fre¬ 
quently found producing many horns of a like kind with 
thefe, and of the fame origin, all arifing from the puce- 
rons, which make their way into the leaves to breed. 
BAZIE'GE, a town of France, in the department of 
the Upper Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in the 
didridt of Villefranclie : four leagues S. E. of Touloufe. 
BAZIR'GION, a town of Perfia, in the province of 
Laridan : fifty-feven miles eaft of Lar. 
BAZO'CHE (La), a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Eure and Loire, and chief place of a canton, 
in the diftriCt of Nogent le Rotrou : five miles fouth-ead 
of Authon. 
Bazoche, or Basoche, / A jurifdiftion formerly 
exercifed among the clerks of the palais, or courts of juf- 
tice at Paris. It was adminidered in the name of the king 
of Bazoche, by virtue of an ancient grant of the kings of 
France. The elded among the clerks were the officers ; 
and he who prefided was the chancellor. This court only 
took cognizance of caufes among the clerks, or between 
clerks and artificers, for goods bought, or work done. 
However, the freedom they took with private characters 
in their inquifition and remondrances, occalioned feveral 
arrets to redrain their power, and prohibit their holding 
