9 o 4 B -E R 
rind of the fruit by fir ft cutting it in fmalfpieec-r., and then 
fq'ucezing the oil out of them into a glafs velfel. This li¬ 
quor is an etherial oil. A water is diiti 1 led from tiie peel 
as follows : take the outer rind of three bergamots, a gal¬ 
lon of pure proof-fpirit, and four pints of pure water-; 
draw off a gallon in a balneum niarite, then add as much 
of the beft White fugar as will be agreeable. Or take of 
the etfen'ce of bergamot three drachms and a half, of rec¬ 
tified fpirit of wine three pints, of volatile fal ammoniac 
a drachm ; ditfil off" three pints in a balneum m a ripe. 
- Berg a'mot is alfo a coarfe tapeftry, manufactured with 
flocks of (ilk, wool, cotton, hemp, ox, cow, cr goat’s, 
hair, and fuppofed to be invented by the people of Ber¬ 
gamo in Italy. 
BER'GAS, a town of Afiatic Turkey : forty miles weft 
of Artaki. 
BERGA'SE, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬ 
vince of Romania : forty-four miles eaft-north-eaft of A- 
drianople. 
BER'GEN, a city and fea-port town of Norway, and 
Capital of the province of Bergenhus, fttuated in the cen¬ 
tre of a valley, difpofed'in the form of a crefcent ; feven 
lofty mountains render it almoft inaceflible by land, and 
towards the lea it is defended by fortifications and batteries. 
The principal articles of commerce for exportation are 
fifh, (kins, tallow, and timber. It was built in 1076, and 
lias been in a more'flourifiling ftate than it now js. It con¬ 
tains about 19,000 inhabitants. It is the fee of a bifliop, 
fuffragan of the archbilhop of Drontheim. The harbour 
is reckoned one of the beft in Europe : ninety leagues 
fouth-weft of Drontheim, and thirty-lix north of Stavanger. 
Lat. 60. 10. N. Ion. 22. 54. E. Ferro. 
Bergen, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Up¬ 
per Rhine, and principality of Hanau Munzenbtirg: the 
environs produce excellent wine. Here the Hanoverians 
were defeated by the French in the year 1750 : fix miles 
north-north-weft of Hanau, and three north-eaft of Franc- 
fort on the Maine. 
Bergen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper 
Saxony, and capital of the ilie of Rugen : its ancient 
name was Gora. It is fttuated in the centre of the ifiand, 
where are held the tribunals of Swedifh Pomerania. Lat. 
54. 32. N. Ion. 31. 3. E. Ferro. 
Bergen, a county of New Jerfey, in the United States 
of North America. 
Bergen on the Dumme, a town of Germany, in Low¬ 
er Saxony, and principality of Zell: twelve miles fouth- 
weft ofDanneberg. 
BER'GENHUS, the mod wefterly province of Nor¬ 
way, fttuated between Aggerhus and the fea : about fixty 
leagues long, and twenty-fteven wide. Bergen the capital. 
BER'GERAC, a town of France, and principal place 
of a diftriiT, in the department of the Dordogne : fttuated 
in a beautiful and extenfive plain on the Dordogne, which 
feparates it into two towns, called St. Martin and St. Mag. 
dalenc : it is a rich, commercial, and populous, town, con¬ 
taining near Booo inhabitants. Before the revocation of 
the edi£t of Nantes, it is faid there were 40,000 Proteftants 
in this town and neighbourhood : feven leagues and a half 
fouth of Perigueux, and thirteen north of Agen. Lat. 44. 
13. N. Ion. io. 8..E. Ferro. 
BERGGIEFZHU'BEL, or Berg Gieshubel, a town 
of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and margra- 
viate of Meilfen, near which are warm medicinal iprings : 
fix miles fouth of Pirna. 
BERG-GRU 1 N, f. An earth ufed in painting, properly 
called green okre, though not known among the colour- 
men under that name. It is found in many parts of Ger¬ 
many, Italy, and-England, commonly in the neighbour¬ 
hood of copper-mines, from particles of which metal it 
receives its colour. In many parts of Germany, they have 
a purer kind, leparated by art from the waters draining 
from the copper-mines, and differing no othervvife from 
this native fubftance, than as the wafhed okres of Oxford- 
fhire, See. do Irom thofe lent us in their natural condition. 
B E R 
The eharafle'n by which the native kind is known from 
other green earths, are thefe : it is a denfe compact fub¬ 
ftance, confiderably heavy, and of a pale green ; of a 
rough and uneven furface, and fomewhat tmtftuous to the 
touch. It adheres firmly to the tongue; does not break 
eafiiy between the lingers ; nor at all ftains the hands. It 
is of a brackifh difagreeable talle, and does not ferment 
with acids. 
BERGH, or Berghland, an ifiand in the Indian Sea, 
lying fouth-weft of Sumatra. Lat. 2. 30. S. Lon, 100. E. 
Greenwich. 
BERG'HF.IM, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
the Upper Rhine, and county of Waldeck: four miles 
fouth-eaft of Waldeck. 
BERGT 1 EM (Van), was born at Haarlem in 1624, Slid 
died there aged fifty-nine. This painter, who nearly at¬ 
tained to univerfal excellence, having great elegance in 
ltis choice, and happinels of compofition, was particularly 
eltimable ; for that notwithftanding his freedom of defign 
in general, his bold grouping, and great malfes of light 
and fhade, feem, at firft view, to indicate rather a hafty 
execution, yet not the minuted object in his pieces will be 
found to difeoverany negligence: on the contrary, a done, 
a plant, are obferved to be in equal accuracy and perfec¬ 
tion with his principal figure. 
BERGHI'RI, a town of Afia, in the province of Kur. 
diftan : (evenly miles fouth-eaft of Betlis. 
BERGH'M ASTER, J. [from berg, Sax. a hill.] A 
bailiff or chief officer among the Derbylhire miners, who 
alfo executes the office of a coroner. The Germans call 
a mountaineer, or miner, a bergman. Blount. 
BERGH'MOTH, or Berghmote,/ [from berg, a 
hill, and gemote, Sax. an alfembly.] An alfembly or court 
upon a hill, which is held in Derbylhire, for deciding pleas 
and controverfies among the miners. And on this court 
of berghmote Mr. Manloue, in his treatife of the cuftoms 
of the miners, hath a copy of verfes, with references to 
ftatutes, See. Vide Squire on the Anglo-Saxon government. 
BERGIER' (Nicholas), had the title of hijloriograplier 
of France, but he is more known by his curious biftory of 
the great roads of the Roman empire, which are now fur- 
palfed by ours in beauty, though not in folidity. His fon 
put the finifiiing hand to this ufeful work, and printed it 
under the reign of Lewis XIV. He died 1111723. 
BERG'M ANN (Sir Torbern), a celebrated chemiftand 
pbilofopher, born in 1735, at Catharineberg in Weftgoth- 
land. His father was receiver-general of the finances, and 
had deftined him to the fame employment; but nature 
formed him for the fciences. His firft (Indies were con¬ 
fined to mathematics and phyfics: and the efforts that were 
made to divert him from icience having proved ineffectual, 
he was fent to Upfal with permiffion to follow tlie bent of 
his inclination. Linnaeus at tiiat time filled the whole 
kingdom with his fame. Inftigated by his example, the 
Swedifh youth flocked around him : and accofnplifhed dif- 
cipies, leaving his fchool, carried the name and the fyftem 
of their matter to the molt diftant parts of tlie globe. 
Bergmann was (truck with the fplendour of his renown ; 
he attached himfelf to the man whofe merit had procured 
it, and by whom he was very toon diftinguiflied. Heap- 
plied himfelf at firft to the Jtudy of infects, and made fe- 
veral ingenious refearches into their hiftory. He difeo- 
vered that the leech is oviparous; and that the coccus 
aquaticus is the egg of this animal, from whence iffue ten 
or twelve young. Linnaeus, who had at firft denied this 
fadt, was (truck with aftoniftimept when he law it proved. 
• Vidi et obfiupui! were the words he pronounced, and which 
lie wrote at the foot of the memoir when he gave it his 
fanftidn. Mr. Bergmann foon diftingixifiled himfelf as an 
aftronomer, naturalift, and geometrician; but thefe are 
not the titles i>y which iie acquired his fame. The chair 
of chemiftry and mineralogy, which had been filled by the 
celebrated Wallerius, becoming vacant by his refignation, 
Mr. Bergmann was among the number of the competitor's: 
and, without having before this period difeovered an'ypar- 
' ticuiw 
