Y 
Wardian cases are much improved by the introduction of rock work in miniature, and those 
ferns which are accustomed to stony situations thrive better in consequence. 
C|e parts flf a Jfrat m 
The Roots ,—which are wiry-like fibres thrown out from the rhizome. 
The Rhizome , or Caudex , is a root-like stem, in some ferns creeping either beneath or upon the 
surface of the soil or rock upon which it grows, and in others erect and tufted. 
The Frond springs from the rhizome, and is a term applied to the stem and the leafy part of the 
fern, but generally refers to the latter part only, the stem being mentioned separately. 
Pronds are either-— 
1. Simple, or undivided; as Scolopendrium vulgare, page 22. 
2. Pinnatifid, or more or less deeply cleft, the divisions being termed lobes; as Polypodium 
vulgare, page 1. 
3. Pinnate, or divided into distinct leaf-like divisions, called pinnae; as Asplenium viride and 
trichomanes, page 17. 
4. Bipinnate, the pinnae themselves being pinnate,—this second series of pinnae being called 
pinnules; as Polypodium Dryopteris, page 3. 
5. The pinnae, pinnatifid; as Aspidium oreopteris, page 9. 
6. The pinnules, pinnatifid; as Asplenium Pilix-foemina, page 21. 
7. The pinnules, pinnate; as Pteris aquilina, page 23. 
The seed or spores of ferns are generally produced on the under surface of the frond, in little 
capsules or spore cases, surrounded by a jointed, elastic ring, which terminates below in a short 
sta]k : the capsule when ripe splits open, and the ring by a series of jerks throws out the seed. The 
capsules are clustered together, and the clusters are called sort. 
