53 
or columnar. It is of a copper-red colour, passing into 
grey and brown, sometimes with a variegated tarnish, the 
streak is copper-red; of metallic lustre, brittle, hardness 
— 5-0—5'5, specific gravity 7’6. It is simple arseniet 
of nickel = Ni As, but the arsenic is sometimes replaced 
by antimony, and it contains 44-20 of nickel. Before the 
blow-pipe it melts with evolution of arsenical fumes. It 
is found mixed with white nickel, usually also with some 
smaltine, as in Fig. 2, at Riechelsdorf in Hesse, Schneeberg 
in Saxony, Joachimstal in Bohemia, Schladming in Styria, 
at the Harz, also in Wales, Hungary, France, England, 
and Scotland, and is employed for obtaining metallic 
nickel. The piece figured shows this mineral on the left, 
which may be recognised by its red colour, with white 
nickel on the right. The upper surface is studded with 
small cubes of smaltine, and has an iridescent tarnish. 
The oxide of nickel obtained from this and other nickel 
ores is used in porcelain and glass painting for the pro¬ 
duction of different shades of green. 
Fra. 3.—Chloanthite, White Arseniet of Nickel, 
White Nickel. 
Crystallises in cubes, as Fig. 3, variously aggregated, 
sometimes with truncation, of the angles and edges, colour 
tin-white, passing into grey and iron-black, of uncertain 
cleavage, slight metallic lustre and usually tarnished with 
a pale green, by which it is readily distinguished from the 
other nickel ores. In the retort it gives a metallic deposit 
of arsenic, and on the charcoal a strong arsenical vapour. 
The blow-pipe test gives a blue pearl with borax, which, 
according to the amount of cobalt it contains, is more or 
less easily reduced to metallic nickel. The specimen 
figured is from Schneeberg, where it is only found in 
crystals; it also occurs at Kammsdorf in Thuringia, and 
Sangerhause in the Erzgebirge, at Riechelsdorf in Hesse, 
as in Fig. 2, and at Tanne in the Hartz. It is a double 
arseniet of nickel = Ni As 2 , and generally contains some 
antimony or cobalt, consisting of 28‘22 of nickel, and 7T78 
of arsenic; it is principally manufactured into metallic 
nickel. 
Antimonial nickel, crystallizing in hexagonal prisms, 
copper-red, of metallic lustre, consisting of simple anti- 
moniet of nickel, and similar to the red arseniet of nickel, 
and containing 31-20 of nickel and 56’79 of antimony, is 
found at Andreasberg in the Hartz. 
Nicheliferous grey antimony or ullmanite, crystallizing 
in cubes, of distinctly foliated structure, lead to iron-grey, 
of metallic lustre, brittle, of 4*5 hardness, and 6-2—6*45 
specific gravity, is a double sulphuret of nickel, with simple 
antimoniet of nickel, and is found at Gosenbach and Wil- 
lensdorf at the Westerwald. 
Fig. 4.—Nickel Ochre, and Oxyhydrate of Nickel, 
Annabergite. 
Nickel ochre appears as an apple-green stem-like crust, 
or in greenish white acicular crystals, as on the left of the 
specimen figured, and consists of basic arseniate of nickel. 
The carbonate of nickel, or emerald nickel, is stalactitic and 
of an emerald green colour, as the fine fibres on the left 
show; it is carbonate of nickel, with 6 eq. of water, 
encrusted on chromic iron, from Bashill, near Baltimore, 
in the United States of America. 
Fig. 5—13.—Cobalt Ores. 
Cobalt occurs very much in the same situations as 
nickel, and their ores are frequently found together. The 
metal cobalt is also white, and is attracted by the magnet 
to a small extent, but not so much so as nickel. The 
ores, on being roasted, leave a black oxide, and give off 
very strong arsenical vapours; with borax, before the 
blow-pipe, they give a fine azure-blue glass, which is not 
changed in the reducing flame. Most of the ores of cobalt 
present metallic lustre, and a tin-white colour passing into 
steel-grey. The metal has not been applied to any pur¬ 
pose, and the pure oxide is thus the more valued. It is 
obtained from the ores, and used for a blue colouring 
matter in enamel, for the preparation of smalt and other 
blue pigments. 
Fig. 5.—Cobalt Pyrites, Sulphuret of Cobalt. 
Crystallises in regular octahedrons, like Fig. 5, which 
are generally aggregated in druses, and sometimes present 
small planes of cubes at the corners. It is of a tin-white 
colour, and strong metallic lustre, which is unaffected by 
the atmosphere. The streak is grey, the fracture uneven, 
the hardness 5'5, and the specific gravity 6"2—6*5. The 
constitution is in general sesqui-sulphuret of cobalt — Co, 
to which is usually added an appreciable amount of sul¬ 
phuret of nickel. It is found at Miisen in Nassau, and at 
Riddarhyttan in Sweden. 
Fig. 6—9.—Cobaltine. 
Crystallises in cubes, octahedrons, pentagonal dodeca¬ 
hedrons, etc., and may be split in the direction of the 
planes of the cube ; the pentagonal dodecahedrons usually 
predominate, however, as in Fig. 6, where both are com¬ 
bined ; or in Fig. 7, where the cube is quite lost, and the 
octahedral planes predominate; or in Fig. 8, where the 
planes of the octahedrons and pentagonal dodecahedrons 
occur in equal proportions, the latter as isosceles triangles, 
so that the common icosahedron or twenty-faced solid arises. 
All these crystals come from Tunaberg in Sweden, and 
Modum in Norway. In Fig. 9, the cube P and the octa¬ 
hedron 0 are united to the first and second pentagonal 
dodecahedrons b 1 and 6 2 . The mineral is also found com¬ 
pact, but never in such large quantities as the grey cobalt 
or smaltine; as, for instance, at Mariakirch in the Elsass, 
at Querbach in Silesia, and formerly at Wittich in the 
Schwarzwald. The colour is tin-white, sometimes passing 
into reddish, the streak is greyish-white, the metallic lustre 
is brilliant, the fracture uneven, the hardness = 5"0— 
5’5, and the specific gravity -5-9—6"2, It is very friable, 
