J 22 FUN 
cafts it into the river, but the reft of the body he embalms 
as pure.” 
The Grecians, and from them the Romans, adopted 
the cuftom of making funeral orations in praife of the 
dead; and the manner in which it was performed, is thus 
defcribed by Dr. Kennet: “ In all the funerals of note, 
efpecially in the public, or indiftive, the corpfe was firft 
brought with a vaft train of followers into the forum ; 
here one of the neareft relations afcended the roftra, and 
obliged the audience witli an oration in praife of the de- 
cealed. If none of the kindred undertook tlte office, it 
was difeharged by fome of the moft eminent perfons in the 
city for learning and eloquence, as Appian reports of the 
funeral of Sylla. And Pliny the younger reckons it as the 
laft addition to the happinefs of a great man, that he 
had the honour to be praifed at his funeral by the moft 
eloquent Tacitus, then conful; which is agreeable to 
Qriintilian’s account of this ntatter, Num etj^uiiebres, &c. 
P'or the funeral orations (fays he) depend very often on 
fome public office, and by order of fenate are many times 
given in charge to the magiftrates to be performed by 
themfelves in perfon. The invention of this cuftom is 
generally attributed to Valerius Poplicola, foon after the 
expullion of the regal family, Plutarch tells us, that 
honouring his colleague’s obfequies with a funeral oration, 
it fo plealed the Romans, that it became cuftomary for 
the beft men to celebrate the funerals of great perfons 
with fpeeches in their commendation.” Thus Julius 
Cajfar, according to cuftom, made an oration in the rof¬ 
tra, in praife of his wife Cornelia, and his aunt Julia, 
when dead ; wherein he (bowed, that his aunt’s defeent, 
by her mother’s fide, was from kings, and by herfather’s 
from the gods. Plutarch fays, that “ he approved of the 
law of the Romans, which ordered fuitable praifes to be 
given to women as well as to men, after death.” 
The funeral pile, among the Greeks and Romans, was 
a pyramidal (lack of wood, wliereon were laid the bodies 
of the deceafed to be burnt. It was partly inthe form of 
an altar, and differed in height according to the quality 
of the perlbn to beconfumed. Probably it might origi¬ 
nally be conlidered as an altar, on which the dead were 
confumed as a burnt-offering to tlie national deities. The 
trees made ufe'of in the ereftion of a funeral pile were 
(uch as abounded in pitch or rofin, as being moft com- 
biiftible; if they tiled any other wood, it wasfplit, that 
it might the more ealily take fire. Round the pile were 
placed cyprefs boughs to hinder the noifome fmell. The 
Hindoos are (till in the habit of burning their dead ; and it 
not unfrequently happens that the aft'eftionate widow of 
a deceafed hufband will afeend the funeral pile, and com¬ 
mit herfelf to the flames with her hufband’s corpfe. See 
the article Hindoostan. 
M. Pauw remarks, that the cuftom of burning the dead 
obtained almoft univerfally, until about 1900 years ago, 
when it became politically necelfary to bury them, be- 
caufe arts, population, and the clearing of grounds, had 
thinned the forefts to fuch a degree, that towns and entire 
provinces were menaced with an approaching want of 
fuel. In the fecond century of the chriltian era, the Ro¬ 
mans forefaw the neceftity of abandoning their ancient 
praiftice, of changing their funeral piles into graves, and 
of committing the remains of their deareft connections, 
with infinite regret, to worms and putrefaCtion. See the 
article Burial, vol. iii. p. 520. 
FU'NERAL CHAR'GES, by the law's of England, 
are the firft of all debts to be paid and fatisfied by execu¬ 
tors and adminiftrators. A perfon died in debt, and 600I. 
was hiid out in his funertil ; decreed the fame (hould be a 
debt, payable out of a truft eftate, charged with payment 
of delats, he being a man of great eftate and reputation in 
his country, and buried there ; but had he been buried 
elfewlrere, it leemed his funeral might have been more 
private, and the court would not liave allowed fo much. 
Free. C/t. 2']. 
FUN 
Where a citizen of I.ondon devifed 700I. for mourning, 
the queftion was, if it fliould come out of the whole eftate, 
or out of the legatory part only ; it was infifted that if 
there had been no direction by the will, or if the will had 
directed, that the expences of the funeral fliould not ex¬ 
ceed fuch a fum, there the deduction muft have been out 
of the whole eftate. Mourning devifed by the will, muft 
come out of the legatory part, and not to leffeii the or¬ 
phanage and cuftomary part. 2 Fern. 240. Executor is 
not however liable to pay for funeral expences, unlefs he 
orders or contracts for if. 12 Mod. 256. 
Settlements for feparate maintenance of the wife (hall 
never extend to funeral charges ; and though (lie made a 
wftll, (according to a power given her,) and an executor, 
and gave feveral legacies, but there was no refiduum for 
the executor, the hufband’s eftate in the hands of a devi- 
fee fubject to the payment of debts was made liable to 
the funeral charges of the wife. 9 Mod. 31. In ftriCtnefs 
of law, no funeral expences are allowable againft credi¬ 
tors, except for the coffin, ringing of the bell, parfoii, 
clerk, and bearers’ fees ; but not for pall or ornaments ; 
per Holt, I Salk. 296. Ten pounds was allowed for the 
funeral of a perfon in debt; by lord chief juftice Holt. 
Baron Powell in his circuit would allow but its. 6d. as 
all the necelfary charge. Cewi. 342. Forty (billings feems 
to have been the moft ufual fum in cafes of infolvency. 
Salk. 196. Godolpk. p. 2. c. 26. 
FU'NERARY, adj. Ifunerarius, Lat.] Belonging to a 
funeral. Scott. Not muck ujed. 
FUNE'REAL, adj. \_funerea, Lat.] Suiting a funeral; 
dark ; difmal : 
But if his foul hath wing’d the deftin’d flight. 
Inhabitant of deep difaftrous night. 
Homeward with pious fpeed repafs the main, 
To the pale (bade funereal rites ordain. Pope. 
FUNE'ST, adj. [funejlus, Lat.] Deadly, mortal. 
FUNF'KIRCHEN, or Five Churches, a town of 
Hungary, fituated in a fertile foil between the Drave and 
the Danube; the fee of a bilbop : 110 miles north-weft 
of Belgrade, and 140 fouth-fouth-eaft of Vienna. Lat. 
46. 12. N. Ion. 35. 41. E. Ferro. 
FUNGE'NO, or Fungando, a kingdom of Africa, 
fituated between the river Zaire and Coanza. SubjeCt to 
Anziko. 
FUN'GI, y. fungus, from cyoyyo^, Gr. on account 
of its fpongy nature.] In botany. Funguses, or Mush¬ 
rooms. The firft of the great families ; and the ninth of 
the nations, tribes, or calls, into which Linnieus has diftri- 
buted the whole vegetable world. Alfo the fixty-feventh 
order in his Fragments of a Natural Method : the fifty- 
eighth of his Natural Orders ; and the fourth order of the 
clafs Cryptogamia, in his Artificial Syftem. See Botany, 
vol. iii. p. 288, and thecorrefpondent engraving. Fledwig 
and other modern botanifts have made fome important 
difeoveries refpebting the fruflification of fungules, by 
the help of high magnifiers. The feeds are a dark uowder 
in the gills of the agarics ; in the boleti the feeds are 
within the membrane tliat lines the tubes; in peziza cy- 
athoides they appear to be inclofed in a fort of pod, &c. 
See the article Botany, vol. iii. p. 28S. 
I The fungi have all their fructifications in a more or lefs 
fpongy body. They are extremely numerous, and are 
divided into the following genera, viz. 
1. Agaricus : fungus with gills underneath. 
2. Merulius ; ftingus with veins underneath. 
3 Boletus : fungus with pores underneath. 
4. TH.ELiEPHORA : fungtis warty Underneath. 
5. Hydnum : fungus prickly underneath. 
6. Phallus : fungus fmooth underneath, cellular 
above. 
7. Helvella: fungus turbinate, plaited, wrinkled. 
8. Atractobolus : fungus fefiile, cupular, with a 
lid, ejecting fufiform veficles bearing the feeds. 
9. Tympa- 
