G A D U S. 
feeding tliem wiih bullock’s heart, or fniall fifh. Tlie 
fpawning-time is in December and January; then they 
leave the depths, and come into the dreams, feeking for 
fmootli places to depofit their ova; they increafe very 
fad. The flefli is white, thouglt bony, and well-tafled ; 
being not very fat, it is good for weak domaclis, and tlie 
liver is counted a delicacy ; a certain countefs of Beuch- 
lingen, in Tliuringia, is (aid to have expended great part 
of her revenue on this luxury. The liver fufpended in a 
glafs, and placed near a dove, or in the fun, gives out 
an oil which Aldrovandus regards as an efficacious reme¬ 
dy againd hard knots or callodties ; and Haen and others 
confirm thisppinion. This fpecies is caught either by 
nets, by the floating line, or by the ground-line : this 
fifliery was formerly fo abundant about the Oder, that 
the fidiermen, not being able to difpofe of all they 
caught, iifed to cut the flatted of them into flips, dry 
tliem, and ufe tliem as matches. The gullet is wide, 
with large folds or wrinkles like the pike. The in- 
tedinal canal has two (inuofities, and thirty appendages 
of different lengths, in which Richter difeovered fo- 
r^itary worms. The liver is large, and of a pale red co¬ 
lour. The feed-veffel and ovary are double, and i3S,ooo 
finall eggs of a pale yellow colour have been counted in 
one fiffi ; thefe eggs are reckoned poifonous. There are 
fifty-eight vertebrx in the fpine of the back, and eigh¬ 
teen ribs on eacli fide. 
i8. Gadus miidela, the brown weafel fiffi, or bearded 
cod ; five barbies hanging from the mouth, the fird dor- 
fal fin very low, form the fpecific charadfer. There are 
five rays in the membrane of tire gills, fourteen in the 
pedtoral fins, feven in the ventrals, twenty in the anal, 
twenty-five in the tail, and forty-two in tire fecond dor. 
fal ; the rays of the fird dorfa! are fo foft and fmall, that 
their number cannot be exadlly counted, but there are 
more than fifty. 
The head is fmall, flatted above and below ; the pa¬ 
late of the mouth is rough ; the jaws; the upper of which 
is the longed, are armed with very diarp fmall teeth ; the 
tongue is loofe, and narrow. There is a barbie at the 
■extremity ot the lower jaw, and four at the upper ; be¬ 
hind the latter are two round holes. The pupil of the 
eye is black, the iris gold-yellow. The Tides of the head 
4ire fiivery inclining to violet ; the Tides and back are of a 
dirty yellow with black fpots; but the colours vary 
-greatly, as may be feen by the deferiptions of different au¬ 
thors. The lateral line makes a bend behind the peeto- 
ral fin, then goes draight to the end of the tail. The peibo- 
ral and ventral fins are reddiffi ; the fird dorfal lies fo low 
as to be hardly vifible out of its furrow, and is compofed 
of very foft and tender rays, of which the fird or fecond 
only is long I fo that this .fin is generally deferibed as ha v. 
ing but one ray, though it has probably fifty at lead. 
The other fins are light brown, thofe of the anus and 
back having long fpots of a darker brown, and the tail 
bus round fpots of the fame colour; the rays of all the 
fins are foft. The whole fiffi is covered with mucilage, 
and the body with very foft fcales. See P!ate-II. fig. 2. 
This fpecies equally belongs to the Mediterranean and 
the North Sea; but they appear in great quantities in the 
Adriatic and on the coaft of Cornwall. In the Mediter¬ 
ranean they are feldom more than a fpan long ; but Pen. 
nant fays they run nineteen inches long in the North Sea, 
yet dill do not weigh more than two pounds. The fleffi 
is foft and ill-taded. They fpawn in autumn ; but do 
not increafe very fad, becaufe the cod and mackrel devour 
the greated part of their young ; they live on fhell-fifli. 
This fpecies varies in the number of barbies. The 
trkirralm, or three-bearded cod, or cockling, is deferib¬ 
ed by Bloch as having five rays in the membrane of the 
gills, one only perceptible in the fird dorfal fin, fifty-fix 
in the fecond, eighteen in the pedtoral fins, fix in the 
■ventrals, forty-fix in the anal, and twenty in the tail. 
This variety has two barbies from the upper jaw, one 
from the lower. Turton makes it a diftindt fpetcies,—» 
VoL. VIII. No. 492. 
ini 
The rvjtcns has one barbie at the lower jaw only ; body 
covered with brown fpots. 
19,. Gadus cirabrlus, the four-barbled cod: fpecific 
charafter, four barbies, th.e fird dorfal fin almod oblite¬ 
rated, its fil'd ray terminated by two horizontal filaments 
like aT. ' Tire fecond dorfal fin has forty-eight rays, the 
peiiforals fixteen, tire veatrals feven, the anal forty-two, 
and the tail twenty-five. Tliis fpecies much refcmbles 
the tnudela, varying in the-number of barbies ; but the 
form of tlie fil'd ray of the fird dorfal feems, to be tjte fpe¬ 
cific difference. Two barbies arife near the nodrjls, and 
one from each lip. ^ This fiffi is found in the Atlantic, 
efpecially on the Swedidi ffiores ; it was fird obferved by 
M. de StruO'enfcld, and is well deferibed by him ip the 
Memoirs of the Stockholm Academy, tom. xxxiii. p-. 46. 
20. Gadus Danicus, the Danifli cod-: fpecific charac¬ 
ter, the lower jaw the longed, the anal fin very long, 
confiding' of feventy rays or thereabouts. Tli'S fpecies 
lias barbies from the lower jaw ; it Iras two dorfal fins, 
and in every refpeft belongs to this third divifion. Mul- 
ler ha.s a diof't defcripiiou of it in h)%-Prodr. ZeoL Dan. 
and Cepede has brouglit it into his fydem; but it is not 
mentioned by Linnffius nor Graelin, nor his tranflator 
Turton. 
21. Gadus Leverianus, the Leverian. cod: fpecific 
cbaradler, fubcinereous, with occellated whitiffi fpots. 
Deferibed by Dr. Shaw in his Gen. Zool. from a fpe- 
cimen in tire Leverian Mufeum, that beautiful collcdliqn 
of natural hidory, now, alas! no longer- exiding as a cal- 
leflion, liaving been fold od'by aiiftion in lots in May 
and June 1806. Body extremely Iqng in proportion to 
its depth, and of nearly uniform diameter as far as tjre fe¬ 
cond dorfal fin, from which part it gradually leffens to¬ 
wards the tail. Head large; mopth wide; lower jaw 
longer than the upper; both furniffied with a row of 
fl-iarp. Tubulated, and llightly curved, teeth, of vvliich 
thofe in tire lower jaw are by far the larged and longed : 
eyes ^rather large: gill-membrane fix or feven-rayed : 
peifforal fins of moderate fize; ventral rather fmall and 
narrow : fird dorfal fin fabcriangular, fituate^d at a con- 
fiderable didance from the head, and tlie fecond at a great 
didance from the fird, being of,a fimilar diape, but rather 
larger : vent-fin fmall, fliallow, fquariffi, and fituated 
immediately beneath the fecond dorfal ; tail of moderate 
fize, and even at the end. Skin fmooth, without percep¬ 
tible fcales, and every where marked by numerous, fmall, 
round, whitiffi, occellated fpots on a pale brown ground¬ 
colour: lateral line not didiniffly vifible, but rather 
marked by a continued angular elevation of the fkin along 
the whole length of the body, fo as to give the fifli a 
fquarifh form. Length about two feet two inches; 
depth about two inches and a half. Suppofed to be a 
native of the Southern Ocean, being placed in a collec¬ 
tion of fiflies taken during the lad voyage of captain 
Cook. 
22. Gadus niger, the black gadus : black ; caudal fin 
forked, fecond dorfal adipous, fifty-two rays in the anal. 
There are feven rays in the membrane of the gills, fixty 
in the fecond dorfal fin, twenty in the peilorals, four in 
the ventrals, twenty-fix in the tail. Obferved by citizen 
Noel at the Ifle of Bute in Scotland, in S.olway-frith, at 
Liverpool, and in the river Merfey. Length near a foot. 
A barbie depends from the lower jaw, and two filaments 
from each pecforal fin ; the fird dorfal fin confids of a 
fingle articulated ray. This, fiiys Cepede, ffiould be 
didinguiflred from fome black varieties of fire common 
cod, which Inhabit the lake of Strom, in Mainland, one 
of the Shetland Hies, a mile or two from the drait, where 
that lake communicates with the fea. ’ They are caught 
where the water is entirely freffi ; they are very good 
food; a proof how eafily many fpecies of cod and of other 
kinds might be bred or kept in freflt water, which are 
now found only in the fea. 
IV. One dorfal fin only. 23. Gadus Mediterranicus, the 
tltree-beai'ded cod : fpecific character, two barbies from 
T t ths 
