jC)<2 g ]e ii 
the upper jaw, one from tlie lower. The dorful fin has 
fifty-four rays, the peftorals fifteen, the ventrals two, 
tl'.e anal forty-four. This has been fuppofed by Bloch 
to be a variety of the mufiela, and Gmelin feems to be of 
the fame opinion, though he- places it as a diflinT fpecies, 
in which we have followed him. This indeed lias only 
one dorfal fin, and the nuiftela has two ; yet in that and 
the cimbrius the firft dorfal is hardly vifible above the 
back, only one fin appearing diftindl ; lo that, if any ru¬ 
diments of another dorfal fin could be difcovered in this, 
it will certainly refer it to that fpecies. Cepede places it 
among the bleimies. 
24. Gadus brofrae, the long-tailed cod : fpecific cha- 
radler, the mouth bearded, the tail lanceolated. The 
dorfal fin has 100 rays, the pedtorals twenty, the ventrals 
five, the anal fixty, the tail thirty. This fpecies is found 
in the fea on the foutli part of Greenland, and in the 
northern climates of Europe generally; The tail fin 
fwells into an oval in the middle, and goes oft'to a point 
like the top of a pike or lance, and is fometimes a yard 
long, fays Cepede; but he does not fay what is the length 
of the whole fifli. The back is of a dark brown colour ; 
the fins and imder parts lighter; fome long tranfverfe 
fpots on the fides. 
25. Gadus fakarias, Forfkael’s gadus : fpecific charac¬ 
ter, fome teeth iu front longer and more hooked than the 
reft. There are fix rays in the membrane of the gills, 
thirty-fix in the dorfil fin, fourteen in the pedlorals, two 
in the ventrals, twenty-fix in the anal, and thirteen in the 
tail. Forfkael regards this fpecies as holding a middle 
place between the gadus and the blenny, and it has fome 
of the generic marks of each. Cepede places it among 
the blennies, probably on account of the didadlylous rays 
of the ventral fins. The laige teeth in front have fome 
refemblance to the fangs of'wild beafts. The body is 
clouded withTpotsof various colours ; the dorfal fin runs 
from head to tail. This fpecies is about a foot long ; 
and is found in the Red Sea. 
26. Gadus Scoticus, the Scotch torfk: fpecific cha- 
radter, one barbie from the lower jaw ; the ventral fins 
fiefhy, and divided into four; tail rounded. The mem¬ 
brane of the gills ha? five rays, the dorfal fin thirty- 
one, the pedtoral fins eight, the anal twenty-one. This 
Ipecies haunts the feas of Greenland, or of the north 
of Europe. The belly is thick, and of a white co. 
colour; the head brown ; the fides yellowifti; the dor¬ 
fal, anal, and tail fins, edged with white. This fpe¬ 
cies grows to the length of two feet, and about fix inches 
broad. Cepede places it among the blennies. 
27. Gadus lubb, the Swedifti cod: no fpots or bars on 
*lie body; tail forked; fixty-five rays in the anal fin. 
Tliere are feven rays in the membrane of tlie gills, 103 in 
the dorfal, twenty-one in the pedtorals, five in the ven¬ 
trals, and thirty-fix in the tail. Inhabits the C.ittegat, 
and the flit lakes of Bohus, in Sweden. Body conic, tail 
flat, and grows above a yard long. Jaws nearly equal, a 
fhort barbie from the lower. The eye is large, with a 
yellow iris. Teeth in tlie jaws, palate, and throat ; 
tongue fniooth, white, and fleftiy. Lateral line firft bent, 
then ftraight. Colour brovyniili green ; a black ftripe 
along the dorfal and anal; a white and a black band on 
the caudal. 
GA'EL, a town of France, in the department of the 
1 He and Vilaine, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- 
trict of Montfort: three leagues and a quarter weft of 
Montfort, and one fouth of St. Meen. 
G2nO'DES,y'. from yatci, Gr. earth.] A fpe¬ 
cies of tluinderltone found on the furface of the earth. 
G-iTlRT'NER (Jofeph), the fon of a phyfician, born 
at Call!, a little town in Swabia, in the kingdom of Wir- 
temberg, March 12, 1732. Difeovering an early paflion 
for anatomy, botany, and phyfiology, he was ep.couraged 
in thefe purluits, and was lent to the univerfities of Tu¬ 
bingen and Gottingen, at the laft of which he remained 
till 1753. Quitting Gottingen, he travelled into Italy 
G IE R 
and Franee, and in the fpring of 1755 came to England,, 
where he remained till the end of the year. Returning, 
through Fr.ince, to his native country, he received the 
degree of M. D. which he folicited not becaule lie pur- 
pol'ed to devote himfelf to the pradlice of pliyfic, but be- 
caufe this title would facilitate the means of profecutintj 
his favourite ftudies. In 1759, went to Holland; at¬ 
tended the botanical courfe of the celebrated 'Van Royert, 
at Leyden; and, forming the clofeft friendlhip with this 
proleifor, he entirely devoted himfelf to natural hiftory, 
regarding the other fciences only as they were fubfervi- 
ent to it. A fecond vilit to England enabled him to 
make an acquaintance with oitr molt celebrated, natural- 
ifts; and he publilhed fume papers in our PhilofophicaL 
I ranladf ions, and was elected a member of the royal foci- 
ety. This honour was fucceeded, on his re-viliting Ger¬ 
many in 17^1. by his being chofen to the anatomical chair 
at the univerliiy of Tubingen, wliicli induced iiim to pro- 
lecule with increafing ardour his refearches in compara¬ 
tive anatomy. The fame whicii he had acquired in En.^. 
land foon fpreading over Europe, his nmie was infertiTd 
among the members of the imperial academy of fciences’ 
at Peterlburg. Being eledted alfo profelfor of botany and 
natural biftory in that city, and having more partiality 
for this fcience than for anatomy, he repaired to Peterf- 
burg in June 1768. A journey'to tlie Ukraine enabled 
him to collecl a great number of new plants; and, on his 
return to the metropolis of Ruftia, lie enjoyed the protec¬ 
tion of the emprefs, and the refpedtofthe learned. In 
the midft, however, of this flattering fituation, he was 
fubjedt to fuch incelfant intrufions and interruptions, that 
he lighed for folitude and leifiire; and renouncino for¬ 
tune and ambition, he fixed his refidence at the lurmble 
place of his nativity : where he devoted himfelf to the 
compolition of that great work which occupied the re¬ 
mainder ot his lile, and is the fruit of twenty years of la¬ 
bour. 
After having laid the plan of his Carpoiogy, or Treatife 
on Fruits, and arranged its divifions, he was foon aware 
that, in the little town of Call!, he could procure but few 
of tliofe fruits which it would be necelfary for him to ex- 
amine. In England and Holland, he had obferved the 
greateft number, of which he had taken notes : but notes 
alone were iiifufficient; he felt the neceflity of re-examin¬ 
ing all thefe fruits, in order to deferibe and delineate them 
with fcrupulous exadlnefs ; and learning that iMr. (now 
fir Jofeph) Banks was juft returned from a voyage round 
the world, with immenfe ftores of natural hiftory, he de¬ 
parted for London in the fpring of 1778, whereon his ar¬ 
rival he expelienced from the Englith natiiralift the moft 
liberal and generous accefs to his treafures. Sir Jofeph 
perrnitted M. Gtertner not only to examine, witliout ex¬ 
ception, all the fruits which he poifelfed, but to cut and 
to analyfe them for the fake of delineating their anatorav •, 
he alfo prefented him wltii thofe of which he had dup'lil 
cates; and he lent him his credit to aflift in procurino- 
iuch as were not in his polFefiion. Enriched by the preT 
fents of fir Jofeph Banks, and by ethers from the garden' 
at Kevv, he proceeded to Amfterdam, to enjoy an inter¬ 
view with M. Thunberg, lately returned from a voyage 
to Japan and the Cape of Good Hope ; from whom he ob¬ 
tained a number of exotic fruits, and who promifed to 
forward to Calu fuch as had not yet come to hand. 
Q,uitting Amfterdam, M. Gaertner repaired to Ley¬ 
den, to examine fome interefting articles in its cabinet of 
natural hiftory : but his refearches met here with a me¬ 
lancholy interruption. The frequent life of the microf. 
cope, added to his excefiive application, brought on a 
nervous complaint which fadly affedfed his eyes ; and he 
returned to Calu ftrongly apprehenfive of lofing his 
tight, fiiice nothing was found to afford him any relief. 
For twenty inontiis, he was almoft continually confined 
to his bed, and forced to exclude the liglit from his 
chamber. He at length renounced the ufe of all medi, 
cine, wh.e» by degrees his malady abated, and in a littie 
time 
