G A r. 
roiis in tlie convex difk ; females about twelve, much 
tonger, fpreading, in the ray. Proper in the lierma- 
phrodites tubiriar-fiinnel-forni, with a five-foothed bor¬ 
der : in the females ligulate, wider outwards, half-three- 
cleft. Stamina : to the herinaphrodites filaments five, 
capillary, very fltort ; anther;e cylindric, tubular. Pif- 
tilhim: to the hermapltrodites germ lurhinate-angiilar j 
ftyle filiform, the length of the corollet; fligmas two, 
fpre.iding; females germ very fmall ; ftyle none; ftigma 
none. Pericarpinm : none; calyx unQhanged. Seeds in 
the hermaphrodites folitary, angular, crov.'ned with the 
five-leaved calycle; leaflets lanceolate, eredf, owned : in 
the females noire. Receptacle ; convex, ( fiat, JuJf.) chaffy ; 
chaffs briftle-fhaped — T.ffenlial CharaEler, Receptacle 
chaffy ; feed crowned with the five-leaved calycle (eight- 
chaffed, JuJf.) calyx of two rows of fcales, almoft equal. 
Galardia alternifblia, a folitary fpecies. Stem from a 
foot to eighteen inches high, ftraight, branched, (lightly 
hifpid, tinged with purple ; root-leaves oblong-l’patiilate, 
with large siotchcs, a little rough' to the touch, fpread 
on the ground ; ftent-leaves alternate, embracing, oblong, 
having a few blunt indentures along the edge, bright 
green, and flightly villofe ; the npper ones are almoft cn- 
tire ; peduncles fim.ple, naked, long, terminating, bear, 
ing one handfome flower, purple and yellow, two inches 
’in diameter; fcales of the calyx ciliate or hifpid at the 
bafe, the inner ones fmalleft 5 hermaphrodite florets hif¬ 
pid on the outfide; receptacle flightly convex; feeds 
turbinate, crowned with from live to eight fliarp fcari- 
ofe chaffs which form the egret. This fine plant h.as 
been cultivafed a few years in the royal garden at Paris. 
IM. Fougeroux informs us that the comte d’Elfales 
brought the feeds from Louiflana, and that the plants had 
produced feeds in the Parisgarden in 17S+ or thereabouts. 
It is an annual, and flowers in July and Auguft, and con- 
tiniies to the end of October. 
G.'^LA'RED, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
Blekingen : twenty-eight miles north of Halmftadt. 
GAI.'ARIPS,/. iii botany. See Ai.l.vmanda, 
GALAR'QUE, a town of France, in the department 
of the Gard : two leagues foiuh-eaft of.Sommieres. 
GALA'RS, a town of Tranfilvania; fixteen miles 
fouth-eaft of Hiinyad. 
GALASHI'ELS, a flourifhing town of Scotland, in 
the county of Selkirk, on a fmall river called the Gala, 
at its niiioi) with the Tv.’eed, with a confiderable woollen 
manufafture ; five miles north of Selkirk. 
G ALA'SO, a river of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, 
which runs into the fca near Tarento. 
GAL'.'\TA, the principal fauxburg or fnburb of 
Conftantinople; formerly an extenfive city, which rofe 
under the an'pices of cite Genoefe republic, from the 
connivance, rather than the encouragement, of the Greek 
emperors. In 1261 certain Genoefe merchants obtained 
a right of fettlement here, with the privilege of being 
governed by their own podefta or chief magiftrate, fub- 
jeft to the empire. As they increafed in commercial 
ccnfequence, they became involved in a war with Can- 
taenzene; and from Michael Paleologns extorted a li¬ 
cence to fnrround Galata with a flrong wall and gates, 
which were completed in 1348. Four years after, they 
defeated the-navy of the Greeks and their Venetian al¬ 
lies; and, had not petty contefts for fuperiority among 
tliemfelves wafted their power, they might have become 
ntafters of the imperial territory. In the laft fiege of . 
Conftantinople, their unextingiiifhed jealoufy of the 
Greeks induced them to give a covert afliftance to the 
fultanMohammed II, and it isobferved by Gibbon, that 
the colony of Galata awed the capital, and n.ivigated ■ 
the Enxine, till it was involved in the ffh.al fervitude of 
Conftantinople itfelf. In 1446, the walls, with their 
twelve gates, were completely repaired, and the citadel, 
or tower of Chrift, firft built by Anaftafi'tis, was raifed to 
double its former I'.eight; which, befide a very lofty co- 
jaicai.roof, exceeds 140 feet. ,Vs it crowns a hidl, the 
■Vox. VIII, >!o. 493. 
GAL 173 
elevation is uncommonly grand. The Turks ufe it only 
for the piirpofe of founding the foefin, or great drnrii, in 
ctife of fire ; to the ravages of which it yielded in the con¬ 
flagration of 1794, but has been fliice improved as a prof- 
pe6t-room by the fnltan Selim 111 . The city of Galata 
isatprefent the residence of ifterchants of all nations and 
religions; the ftreets are chiefly formed'by (hops and 
magazines for articles of European commerce. The cir¬ 
cuit inclofes about fourmileS. ItsjurifdifHon liSs-alvvays 
been claimed by tlie Venetians, wi'.ofe ambafladors are 
'ftyled baUr, and vvhofe public entrance through the gates 
'has been nfually attended with a ceremony-of prefenting 
the keys, Imperfe-if remains are yet' to be feen of the 
Genoel’e fort, from which the'chuin was drawn acrofs to 
the feraglio point, during tlie (leges of Coitftantinople' 
which happened in the reigns of Leo III. Michael II. and 
Conftantine the laft. 
GAL'ATA, a fmall iftand in the Mediterranean, near 
the coaft ofTnnis. Lat. 38.15. N. Ion. 9. 30.E.Greenwich. 
GALATtT'A, or Galath^fa, in mythology, a (ea- 
nymph, dtmghter of Nerciis and Doris.- She was pafli- 
onately loved by the cyclop Poiyphemns, whom flie' 
treated with dildain ; while Acts, a (hepherd of Sicily, 
enjoyed her unbounded favours. The happinefs ot the 
lovers was deftroyed by the jealoufy of tlie cyclop, who 
■ crulhed his rival with a piece of a broken rock, while re- 
liofingon the bofom of Galataja. The nymph was incon- 
i'olabie for the lofs of Acis ; and as (he could not reftoie 
him to life, file changed him into a founttiin. Ovid. 
GALATE'O (Antony), an Italian ph.ilofopher,who 
takes Itis name from liis birth-place Galatona, in the Sa- 
lentine. Kis family was naiued Ferrari, originally front 
Greece. He was born in 1444, and received his firft edu. 
Cation at Nardo. Thence he went for tlie ftudy of medi¬ 
cine to Ferrara, and after taking his degree of dodlor, l;e 
fettled at Naples, where he was much eftcemed hy-Ferdi- 
nand I. and his fucceflbrs, and appointed t heir phyflcicin. 
The air not agreeing with him, he removed to Gallipoli, 
where he married. He aI(o redded long at Lecce, at 
which place he founded an academy, on the model of that 
of Naples, of which he was a member. He died at Lecce 
in 1516.. As a philofopher, he ad-hered to the opinions 
of the ancients, but witlt an elevation above vulgar pre¬ 
judices. ■ As a phyfician, he pitbliflied (ome valuable 
obfervatioBS on the caiifes of epidemic difeafes in the 
countries where he pradfifed, and alio on the gout, rheu- 
matifm, &c. His moll celebrated work is an elegant and 
•learned performance, Dc filu lapygia, to vvjiich is annexed 
a defeription of the city of Gallipoli; the whole contain¬ 
ing much curious matter in geography and civil and n.au¬ 
ral hiftory. His other principal works are, Dc Situ EU- 
mentOTum ; De Situ Terrarum ; De Mari & Aquis ; Sucufi' 
dell’ armata Turchefca-nella citta d’Otranto dell’ anno 14S0. 
GALATE'O, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na. 
pies, and province of Calabria Ultra: eight miles eali- 
i'uutli.eaft of Nicotera.. 
GAL-A.'!'!, a town of the ifland of Silily, in the val¬ 
ley of Demona : twelve miles (outh-weft of Patti. 
GALA'TIA, in ancient gcograpity, a province of Afla 
Minor, now called Amafia-, bounded on the eaft by Cap. 
padocia, on the weft by Bithynia, on tlie (onth by P.im- 
phylia, and on the north by the Enxine foa. It was- 
known as the nortii part of Phrygia Magna ; but upern 
being occupied by the Gauls, was called Gatofa ; and, 
becaiife fituated in the midft of Greek colonies, it obtain¬ 
ed the name of Ga//egrirfzVz. Strabo calls A Galatia^ and 
Gallogrrecia: hence a twofold name of the peopls-; Galatie 
and Gailogracci. The Greeks called it GaZ/ta P-Krt-a ; todtC- 
tingnifti it from the Tranfalptna, both wliich they called 
Gcdatia. It was reduced under the fnbjedtion of the Ro¬ 
mans in the lime of Auguftus, and is now in the har.ds of 
the Turks. Here St. Paul founded'a church, towhich- 
he diredfed that epiftle known by the name of tlie Epijlle 
to the Galatians, written with a view to reclaim them trom, 
the obfervation of Jevvifli ordinances. A6ls x\/\. 6. 
Y y GAL'ATINj, 
