178 
GAL 
pairs) elliptic, ftent fcabrous. Flowers numerous, heap¬ 
ed, blue. Found in South America by Mutis. , 
14. Galcga tinftoria, or dying galega : fpikes lateral 
peduncled, legumes fliffpedulous, leaflets emarginate vil- 
Jofc underneath. A very handfonie plant ; flems naked, 
fiexuofe, fmooth, angular. From this plant the inhabi¬ 
tants of Ceylon prepare their indigo. 
15. Galega fenticofa, or Iweet galega; legumes in 
pairs lateral fmooth, leaflets, emarginate lilky underneath ; 
Item flirubby. This is a woody flinib, with a roundifli 
Hem, and a brown bark. Native of Ceylon. 
16. Galega pulchella, or fair galega : legumes flraight 
villofe ; pendulous, racemed ; ftipules awl-fliaped ; (fand- 
ards above and leaves underneath villole. It differs from 
G. tintSloria in having the leaflets villofe oti both Tides, 
and not all emarginate ; the flowers not in fpikes, and 
the legumes by no means pendulous ; nor can it be refer¬ 
red to G. fenticofa, as appears from the defeription in 
Flora Zeylanica ; it flowered at Pavia the 2i(t; of July, 
3783, and the feeds ripened on the 5th of September. 
Native of the Cape of Good Hope, whence it was intro¬ 
duced here in 1787. 
17. Galega frutefeens, or flirubby galega: leaflets 
ovate, flowers panicled axillary. Item Ihrubby. Mr. 
Miller has not deferibed this; but informs us that it was 
difeovered by Dr. Houfloun at Campeachy, whence he 
lent the feeds to Europe. 
■ 18. Galega tomentofa, or rough galega : legumes fliff 
afeending villofe racemed oppofue to the leaves, pedicels 
in threes, leaflets fllky underneath, ftipules awl-fh.iped. 
Differs from G. cinerea only in having narrower'flipnles, 
and the legumes in threes at each tooth of the peduncle. 
nj. Galega toxicaria, or poifoning galega: fpikes ter¬ 
minating peduncled, legumes cylindric pedicelled fpread- 
ing, ftem and leaflets hoary-tomentofe. This is a fpread- 
ing flirubby plant, riflng generally to the height of five 
or fix feet ; the leaves and branches, well pounded, and 
thrown into a river or pond, very foon affedls tlie water, 
and intoxicates the fifli, fo as to make them float on the 
fnrface, as if dead ; moft of the large ones recover after a 
fliort time, but the greatell part of the fmall fry perifli on 
thefe occafions. It is a native of South America, w'hence 
it has been iniroducett to Jamaica, and cultivated there, 
on account of its intoxicating qualities. 
Propagation Culture. 'File firfl Ipecies is propagated 
by feeds, fown either in fpring oraurumn in an open fitii- 
ation. When the plants come up, keep them clean from 
weeds till they are flrong enough to remove ; then take 
them carefully up, and plant them in a fpot well dugand 
cleared, in rows afoot and a half diflant, and one foot 
afundcr in the rows; watering tliem till they have taken 
new root. Hoe the ground frequently between the plants; 
and dig it in the fpring between the rows. If the fta.lks 
are cut down every year, before tiie feeds are formed, the 
roots will continue the longer, efpecially on a light drv 
foil. Or, if the feeds be permitted to fcatter, the plants 
will come up without any care. The fourth fort, thouglr 
tolerably hardy, is with difficulty preferved in gardens; 
for the feeds rarely ripen in England, and the plants are 
often deflroyed by frofls in winter. The other forts from 
the Eaft and Welt Indies may be propagated by feeds 
fown on a hot-bed in the fpring. When the pdants are 
flrong enough, tranfphuit each of them into a feparate 
fmall pot, and plunge them into a hot-beii of tanner’s 
bark, (hading tliem till they have taken new root. Then 
treat them as other tender plants, preferving them 
through the winter in the bark-ftove. They will flower 
in July, aqd perfedt their feeds in September. If the 
plants are brought forward early in the fpring, and the 
fnmrner proves warm, the feeds may ripfen here. See 
j®sCHYNOMENE, Cassia, Orobus, and SaphoRa. 
GAL'EGOS, a town of Portugal, in the province of 
Entre Duero e Minho : four miles north-eaft of Barcelos. 
GA'LEN (Claudius), the mofl eminent of the ancient 
phyfleians next to Hippocrates, born at Pergamus in Alia, 
GAL 
in 131, during the reign of Adrian. His father, NIcon, 
was an arcb.iteft, and converfant in the matliem.itical fei- 
ences. The education of Galen was liberal, coinpriling 
all the branches of fcience then cultivated by the Greeks. 
He, at length, througli the admonition of a dream (as he 
himfelf afl'erts), turned his fludies to medicine, in which 
his mafters were Satyrus and Pelops. In pnrfnit of know¬ 
ledge he travelled to the principal cities of that part of 
the Roman empire, as Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria; 
and in his twenty-eighth year returned to his native place, 
where, for fome time, he undertook the chirurgical care 
of gladiators. He firfl vifited Rome about his thirty-third 
year, and obtained great reputation from his anatomical 
and praiftical (kill. After remaining tlitre about four 
years, he quitted itonoccafion of a deftrucbive peflilence, 
and returned to his native country. He was, liowever, 
foon afterwards recalled by the prefling letters of the joint 
emperors, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Vei ns. The for- 
mer, 011 leaving Rome for the German war, confided tl'.e 
medical care of liis (bn Commodns to Galen. It is not 
known wlaere he paired tlie remaining part of his life, or 
when he died, but it is conjectured tliat it was in the 
reign of Severus. Galen, as might be fuppoled of one 
fo emir.ent in Ids profellion, had many rivals and enemies, 
whom he feems to have taken no care to conciliate, bur, 
on the contrary, treated with contempt. He was, indeed, 
confident in his osvn powers; and in his writings (peaks 
m.uch and boafliugly of himfelf, and with littl.e modera¬ 
tion of thofe from whom he differed. No phylician had 
ever a better riglit, from tlie valt extent of Jiis know¬ 
ledge, to arrogate luperiority over his contemporaries ; 
and perhaps in the whole liiflory of the fcience, no exam¬ 
ple is to be found of one wlio took a wider range, or car¬ 
ried his refearches and improvements into more branches. 
In fadl, he fet limits to medicine, which no one for a num¬ 
ber of centuries ventured to pal's over ; and the works of 
Galen were the received medical code down to the time 
of the revival of experimental enquiry. His writings 
were exceedingly numerous. In his own enumeration of 
them he reckons two hundred, which were burnt in the 
temple of Peace; but thole which are come down to our 
times are fufficient tocompofe a very voluminous body of 
pradtical and theoretical medicine. Merely to recite the 
titles of thefe would occupy much room to little piirpofe; 
we (hall tlierefore-coiiteiu ourlelves with a Ihort notice of .• 
fome of the moft important. 
Though a diligent anatomifl, it does not appear that he 
ever diffected human bodies; and many errors in hisde. 
feriptions m.iy be traced to his transferring to men what 
he had oblerved in brutes. He, however, iiiflituted a 
great many experiments uponlivifig bodies, fome of them 
of a very nice and delicate kind. He is tlie firfl writer 
who lias any thing of confcqueiice on the blood-veffels, 
and he difeovered by experiment that the arteries always 
contain blood, and that their contraction propels it into 
the veins. One of the bed; and molt capital ot his works 
is his tieatile De Ufa Partium, in feveiiteen books, in 
which he cotiiiders at large the adtion and ufes of all the 
principal parts of the body, with the philofophical view 
of fupporting the dodtrine of final caufes in oppoiirion to 
the Epicureans. 'Many nice and curious oblervations in 
this piece prove the minute accuracy with which he had 
examined thole animals to which his diffedtions were con¬ 
fined. Other valuable works upon anatomical and pliyfi- 
ological topics are thofe entitled De Facultalibus Naturali- 
bus ; De Motu Mufculorum ; De Feluum Formatione ; and De 
Piilfuum. Differentiis. In the practice of medicine it is 
'doubttul whether his writings have done more good or 
harm. He added much to the fund of obfervation, and 
improved the art of pharmacy ; but lie eflablilhed as the 
balls ot his practice a theory, (imple indeed, but founded 
upon falfe iiypothefes. This.was thelyltem, fo long fa¬ 
mous in the fchools, of plethora and cacocliymy, and of 
the three luimours and their four qualities, to which all 
his curative iiidicalions were accommodated. This was 
the 
