187 
GAL 
on tlvit account lliey may he worth tryiiig, efpecially as 
the rcfl: of tlie plant may be riiccefsfiilly ufed in dying 
yellow. 7 'hevweie cultivated a few years fince tinder 
tlie direftion of the committee of jn ivy council for trade ; 
the roots were ftippofed on an average to weigh feven 
ounces; and the produce, when dry, to be twelve luin- 
o'reds and an half on an acre ; the roots of mod: of the 
plants belonging to the natural order of (fellatae yield more 
or Icfsof a red dye. Not only this fpecies, but G. fylva- 
ticum, mollugo, and aparine, are recommended for this 
jnirpofe. So alfo are afpernla arveniis, tinftoria, and cy- 
nanchica. 
17. Galium ereffum, or upright ladies bedflraw ; leaves 
moftly in eights, lanceolate, with fine prickly ferratures ; 
panicles, trichotomous; ftem flaccid. Root perennial, 
branched; fiems feveral, rather upright, fwelled at the 
joints, roughilh at the corners, a little hairy, branched ; 
flowering branches oppofite ; leaves eight, I'ometimes lix 
only, in a whorl, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, naked ; 
flowers white ; leeds final!. Dr. Stoke.s adds, that the 
whorls of leaves are from four to five inches dilt.int, and 
bent back ; that the ferratures are direfted towards the 
point of the leaf, and not bowed back as in the otlter 
rough-leaved fpecies; and that liis fpecimen agrees with 
Mr. Hudfoii's defeription in every refuebf, except that 
the ffent. is fmooth. Inhabits meadows and moifi paf- 
tures ; found in Heydon common, Norfolk, by Mi'. Bry¬ 
ant ; it flowers in June and July. 
18. Galium mollugo, or great ladies bedfiraw : leaves 
in eights, ovate-linear, fubferrate, fpreading very much , 
mucronate ; (fern flaccid, branches fpreading. The whole 
pliant is fmooth to the touch ; root perennial, creeping-; 
ffeni two, three, and four,.feet high, and even more, ge¬ 
nerally deprelfed, unlefs fupported by the weight of the 
branches, quadrangular, (by which it is difiinguiflied from 
the next fpecies,) thickelt juft above tlie joints ; one feed 
is generally inucli larger than the otlier. Common in 
liedges and bufhy places ; flowering from June to Align ft ; 
it is called wild madder, and great bajlard madder ; the roots 
yield a red dye, like the true madder, and of a brighter 
colour; tike that alfo, they dye the bones of animals, 
that feed on them, red. 
Scopoli enumerates four varieties : i. With the bot¬ 
tom leaves emarginate. 2. With the leaves rounded at 
the end, the nerve ending in a point or prickle. 3. With 
the leaves toothletted or (erriilate, each indentation end¬ 
ing in a prickle, which correfj'Onds with onr common 
plant- 4. With the leaves quite entire and reflex, a fmall, 
alpine plant, only a finger’s length. This Dr. Stokes has 
obferved on Malvern hills. 
19. Galium fylvaticuni, or wood ladies bedflraw ; 
leaves in eiglits, fmooth and even, but fcabroiis under¬ 
neath; a pair of floral leaves on capillary peduncles; ftem 
fmooth and even. Stems lo:ty, weak, imooth and even, 
very obfeurely cornered or roundilh ; leaves in a whorl 
from eight to ten, fometime.s only fix, mucronate ; the 
keel not always fcabroiis ; feed round, black, wrinkled ; 
ufually only one in a pair comes to maturity ; tlie vs ltole 
plant is fomewhat glaucous ; the root is perennial, yel- 
lowifli on theoiitfide ; and affords a very fine red dye like 
tlielaft. Native of Germany, Swilferland, and the South 
of Europe, in woods; flowering from June to Augulf. 
20. Galium linifolium, or flax-leaved ladies bedflraw : 
leavesin fevensor thereabouts; linear-lanceolate, fmooth 
and even; peduncles capillary ; (lem upright, four-cor¬ 
nered. Native of the South of Europe; it flowers in 
June and July ; and is perennial. 
21. Galium rigidum, or rigid ladies bedflraw : leaves 
whorled, linear, (cabroiis above ; panicles divaricate ; 
Hem upright, round, hairy and roughifh. Perennial j 
flowering in June. 
22. Galium ariftatum, or bearded ladies bedflraw ; 
leaves in eights, lanceolate^ fmooth and even ; panicle 
capillary, petals awned. Perennial ; the w’hole plant 
fmooth and even ; Item a foot high j leaves eight or nine 
I U M. 
in a whorl, nicely lanceolate, by no means filff. Native 
of Italy, on Monte Baldo, and Cenifio ; it flowers in 
July. 
23. Galium fcabrum, or rougli ladies bedflraw : leaves 
about eiglit, fcabroiis, mucronate; flowering, branches 
fubtrichotomous. Perennial ; Hems upright, clol'ely 
befet with very Ihort fofe hair. Pound by Dr. Stokes in 
a liedge-row, in a marly foil, on the fide of Red Houle 
Lane, near Worcefier; flowering in Augurt. In AuHria, 
by profelfor Jacquin. 
24. Galium fylveftre, or field ladies bedflraw : leaves 
fix to nine; linear-lanceolate, quite entire, awned; fiems 
angular, decumbent. Root fmall, very flender, creeping ; 
fiems from a fpan to a foot in length, and more, brittle, 
flender, profirate, a little hairy at bottom ; leaves quite 
entire, ending in a fine long prickle ; the lower ones fome¬ 
what rouglt, with hairs about the edge, the upper ones 
fmooth, but fometimes they are all liairy. Native of 
France, Germany, and Swi'fferland, where Haller informs 
us it is frequent by \vay-(ides in corn-fields and (lony 
places ; it is alfo found in the Alps, and there becomes a 
mote humble creeping plant. He mentions feveral va¬ 
rieties. 
25. Galium Hierofolymitanum, or Jerufalem ladies 
bedflraw : leaves in tens, lanceolate-linear, umbel.s falti. 
gate. In fiature this approaches very near to G. rubrum. 
Native of Palefiine, 
26. Galium glauciira, or glattcous ladies bedflraw : 
leaves linear ; ueduncles dicliotomou^; ftem fmooth and 
even. Root perennial, fomewhat creeping, branched ; 
fiems (lender, weak, profirate, gloffy ; leaves glofly, glau¬ 
cous underneati'i, hardly fcabrous on the edge, the lower 
ones turned back. According to Haller and Jacquin, 
there are eiglit leaves in a v/hoi! ; according to Allioni, 
fix or feven, ferrate on the edge ; according to Kiocker, 
eight or even nine in the lower ones, but five or fix in the 
upper ones; Scopoli afligns only fix to the lower whorls, 
four to the upper ones, and two only to thof'e on the 
branches. It is a native of the South of Europe, Tarta¬ 
ry, and Siberia, in mountain woods and filfures of rocks ; 
it flowers in our gardens from June to September. 
27. Galium cinereum, or cinereous ladies bedflraw : 
leaves in fixes, linear, rigid, ferrate-prickly; fiems 
fmooth, flexuofe, filiform, fomewhat woody at bottom ; 
branchlets ujirighr, leaflefs, with about three flowers. 
Perennial ; tills is an elegant fpecies covered with a glaiu 
cons bloom ; when this bloom is wiped off, tlie plant is 
of a (hilling, not a dark, green ; fiems obfeurely quadran¬ 
gular ; leaves of a long elliptic form, wider at the end, 
and terminating in a remarkable white prickle. Native 
of Piedmont and Daupliine. 
28. Galium teuiiifolium, or thin leaved ladies bed- 
ftraw': leaves fix to eight, linear, grooved, rigid, (lightly 
and finely ferrate, with a fmall prickle at the end ; fiems 
diifuf'ely branched, each branch terminated by a pani¬ 
cle; peduncles tw’o or three-flowered. Perennial; fiems 
eighteen inches high, fmooth, Iharply quadrangular; 
branches oppofue, one longer than the other ; leaves eight 
at bottom, diminifhing till they come to two, or even 
one; truly rigid, not loft and flexible, fmooth ; but not 
fiiining ; feeds Ilightly wrinkled, but neither hairy nor 
rough ; colour of them black. Native of Nice, Provence, 
and Danphinc. 
29. Galium purpurenm, or purple ladies bedflraw 1 
leaves linear-briftle-fhaped; peduncles, capillary, longer 
than the leaves. Stem upright, very niucli branched, 
and fo leafy that the leaves can hardly be numbered ; 
they are ufually in eights, fmooth, and keeled undero 
Death. The roots dye red. Found by Lago Lugano ; 
near Ripa and Chiavenna 5 Nice, Montferrat, &c. pe¬ 
rennial. 
30. Galium rubrum, or red ladies bedflraw : leaves 
linear, patulous ; peduncles very fiiort. Root perennial, 
(lender ; the whole plant pale green; Items flender, prof- 
trate, near a foot in length, rough with fmall prickles ; 
3 Jeave-s 
