ISS GAL 
leaves on the flem fix or feven in a whorl, on the branches 
four or five, bent fiown, lanceolate, quite entire, dulky 
green, fmooth, but the edge very rough with prickles, 
and a little prickle at the end; they are three lines in 
length, and half a line in breadth ; the upper leaves are in 
pairs ; the flowers are very fmall, of a pale purple colour 
(fufco-riibri. Scop.) or white, difpofed in panicles at the 
end of the ftem and branches ; this differs from the fore¬ 
going fpecics, with which it feems to have been con¬ 
founded by feveral authors, by the leaves not being ellip¬ 
tic, nor fpreading out ; alfo by the fhortnefs of the pe¬ 
duncles, audits manner of flowering; for in G. purpure- 
iim the flowers are terminating, rather panicled ; purple, 
not reddifli brown. Native of the Palatinate, Silefia, 
Carniola, and Italy ; flowers in July and Auguft. 
II. With a hifpidfruit, 31. Galium boreale, or crofs- 
leaved ladies bedftraw ; leaves in fours, lanceolate, three- 
nerved, fmooth; flem upright. Root perennial, long, 
llender, dark purple ; ftems a foot or eighteen inches in 
height, obfcurely quadrangular, flout, much branching at 
top ; the lower part' fmooth, the upper flightly hairy. 
Nativeof Lapland, Sweden, Silefia, Swiflerhind, Carniola, 
Britain; as in the mountains of Weflmoreland and Wales ; 
near Pooley bridge by Ulfwater, in Cumberland ; near 
the ferry at Winander-meer; in the county of Durham ; 
in Scotland not unfrequent on rocks by the fides of rivers 
and lakes ; it flowers in July and Augufl. This is one of 
the fpecies whofe roots afford a beautiful red dye. The 
procefsis thus deferib^d by Haller : the roots are gather¬ 
ed in fpring, they are ground with malt dufl, and infufed 
in fmall beer, the woollen yarn is macerated, and then 
boiled in this liquor. Gunner adds that the yarn is firfl: 
dyed yellow in a decodlion of birch leaves. 
32. Galium pilolum, or hairy ladies bedftraw : leaves 
in fours, nearly oval, hairy, nervelefs ; feeds hairy. Pe¬ 
rennial. Nativeof North America; flowers in June and 
Ji'ly- 
33. Galium rotundifolium, or round-leaved ladies bed- 
flraw : leaves in fours, ovate, obtufe, terminating in a 
very fhort prickle, dilate about the edge, three-nerved ; 
flem procumbent. Root perennial, flender, creeping, 
cinnamon-coloured; flem weak, a foot long, flightly 
grooved ; branches alternate, green at the bottom, pu- 
befeent, with very fliort hairs, and leafy, frequently pur- 
plifh above, naked, and jointed; leaves fubpeiioled, 
four or very feldom five in a whorl, fpreading, broad, 
with very fliort hairs on the nerves and at the edges ; to¬ 
wards the top of the flem, where it terminates in two or 
three almofl dichotomous peduncles, is placed a pair of 
lanceolate leaves. Native of Silefia, Swiflerland, Savoy, 
Auftria, &c. It flowers in July and Auguft. 
34. Galium maritimum, or lea ladies bedftraw ; leaves 
in fours, hifpid; peduncles one-flowered; fruits villofe. 
Root perennial; leaves in fours, rarely fives. Obferved 
in the Levant, by Schreber: if it be Gouan’s plant, it is 
alfo native of Montpellier, the Pyrenees, and Nice: but 
according to Gouan, the leaves are eight in a whorl. 
35. Galium Bermudianum, or Bermuda ladies bed- 
flraw : leaves in fours, linear, obtufe ; branches very 
much fub-divided. Native of (Virginia and Maryland. 
36. Galium Graecum, or Candia ladies bedftraw: 
leaves about fix, linear-lanceolate; ftems woody; the 
whole plant rough with hairs. Native of the iflands of 
the Archipelago. 
^7., Galium apari.ne, or common rough ladies bedftraw, 
cleavers, pr goofegrafs: leaves in eights, lanceolate; 
keels fcabrous, with prickles pointing backwards; joints 
villofe.. Root annual; ftem four feet high or more, 
weak, and fupporting itfelf on other plants, brittle, joint¬ 
ed, the joiptSryiilofe at the bafe; the angles are fet w'ith 
pellucid prickles pointing downwards; it is very much 
branched, and the branches are oppofite; leaves fix or 
eight in a whorl, (eight or ten, Linn, four to feven or 
more. With, fix to eight. Hall. Poll. Kroeh. feven, Bauli. 
Ray fays, eight on the lower, fix on the upper, whorls of 
I U M. 
the ftem; on the branches fewer, from fix to three, two, 
and even one.) Common in hedges, and cultivated 
grounds; flowering from May and June through the 
fummer and part of the autumn. Its well-known pro¬ 
perty of adhering to whatever it comes in contadl with, 
acquired it the names of cleavers, clevers, clivers, and catch- 
weed orfcratchxvecd‘, from the fame idea it had the more 
elegant appellation of philanthropontxmong the Greeks and 
Romans ; from its roughnefs it has been called hariff, or 
rather hairrough ; and from being a favourite food or me¬ 
dicine of geele, goofe-grajs, goofejhare, and gofling-weed. 
Linnaeus informs us that they ufe the ftalks in Sweden 
as a fibre to ftrain their milk through. Diofeorides re¬ 
lates that the fliepherds made the Tame ufe of it in his 
time ; and certainly it is no bad thing to talce out hairs 
from the milk, where a fieve is not at hand. It is reck¬ 
oned to purify the blood, and for that purpofe the tops 
are an ingredient in fpring broth. The exprefled juice of 
the herb, taken to the amount of four ounces or a quar¬ 
ter of a pint, night and morning, during feveral weeks, is 
very efficacious in removing many of thofe cutaneous 
eruptions, which are called, although improperly, fcor- 
butic. It has been much celebrated in fcrophulous and 
cancerous fores, but experiments made in our hofpitals 
have not turned out in its favour. The feeds have been 
fubftituted for coffee ; the roots, like moft of the genus, 
will dye red, and eaten by birds, have tinged their bones 
of that colour. It is a troublefome weed, particularly in 
young quick-fet hedges, which it will entirely overgrow 
and choke. Linnaeus fays it is very apt to infeft their 
crops of peafe. Being an annual weed, it is eafily de- 
flroyed, if it be cut or plucked up early, for it begins to 
feed in June. 
3S. Galium Parifienfe,or Parva ladies bedftraw : leaves 
linear; peduncles two-flowered. Root annual; ftems a 
foot high, weak, fcabrous backward ; leaves in fevens, 
lanceolate, mucronate, fcabrous efpecially on the edge. 
39. Galium megalofpermum, or large-feeded ladies 
bedftraw : leaves in fives, elliptic, acuminate, finely fer¬ 
rate; peduncles two-flowered; fruits large wrinkled. 
This forms a tuft; the ftems are not more than a finger’s 
length; flowers pale yellow; fruits dirty white. Native 
of Monte.Cenifio. 
40. Galium faccharatum, or fweet ladies bedftraw. 
Suppofed to be a variety of G. aparine. Parkinfon fays 
it differs from aparine laevisonly in having the feed rough 
like unto a coriander comfit. Ray, that the leaves are 
fmooth, and the fruits warted, but not lappaceous or tc- 
iiacious. 
41. Galium umbrofum, or fhady ladies bedftraw. Na¬ 
tive of New Zealand. 
42. Galium vifeofum, or clammy ladies bedftraw ; 
lower leaves in fours, obovate ; upper Ones in fixes, linear- 
lanceolate, ferrate, keel and ftem fmooth. Root annual; 
ftems feveral, afeending, a finger or a hand in height, 
fmooth, even, made four-cornered by a pale decurrent 
line, branched from all the lower axils, ending at length 
towards the top in oppofite peduncles, an inch long. In 
a rich foil the ftems are frequently a fpan high, and 
fpreading. Native of Tunis, in the mountains. 
43. Galium pafchal : leaves in nines or thereabouts, 
linear-lanceolate, rugged backwards, peduncles axillary, 
elongated, tricliotomous. Stems weak, a foot and half 
high or more, fimple, fmooth, even; perh.aps not diffe¬ 
rent from G. hieiofolymitanuni. 
44. Galium aparinoides : leaves in fixes, oblong, on 
the edge and along the keel, prickly backwards, joints 
fmooth. Stem herbaceous, weak, half a foot high, prick¬ 
ly backwards at the corners, with equal joints ; feeds as 
in G. aparine, from which it differs in the fize, number, 
and form, of the leaves. 
45. Galium album, or white ladies bedftraw ; leaves m 
eights, or thereabouts, oblong, unarmed, nigged on the 
edge; ftem pubel'cent, even. Stem the thicknefs of a 
pigeon’s quill, ereit, branched, a cubit in height, pube. 
Icent, 
