G. A R 
the calyx. Stamina : filaments fixteen, "(twelve or 
more, G.) upright, placed in a cylinder, fimple, Ihorter 
tlian the calyx; antherae roundifii. Piftillum: germ 
liiperior, liiboval ; llyle fcarcely any ; digma fiat, 
I'preading, peltate, eight-clel't, obtufe, permanent. Pe- 
ncarpium; berry coriaceous, globular, largd, one-ceil- 
ed, crowned with the lligma ; ieeds eight, convex on one 
fide, angular on the other, villofe, fieiliy.— EJ[e.ntial Cha¬ 
racter. Calyx four-leaved, inferior ; petals four ; berry 
eight-feeded, (or five, fix, to eight;) crowned with the 
peltate ftigma. 
Species, i. Garcinia mangoftana, mangofian, or mangof- 
teen : leaves ovate ; p-gduncles one-flowered. The com¬ 
mon mangofian rifeswitn an upright llem near twenty feet 
high, fending out many branches on every fide, which 
are placed oppofite, and ftand oblique to each other, and 
not at right angles the bark of the branches is fmooth, 
of a grey coloiir, but on the tender fiioots it is green, 
anjd that of the trunk is of a darker colour, and full of 
cracks; the leaves are entire ; they are fevea or eight 
inches long, and about half as mtich in breadth in the 
middle, gradually diminifliing to both ends, of a lucid 
green on their upper fide, and of an olive colour on their 
under, having a prominent midrib through the middle, 
with feveralfmall veins running front that to both fides 
of the leaf. The flower is like that of a fingle rofe, 
compofed of four roundifh petals, which are thick at 
their bale, but are thinner toward their ends ; they are 
of a dark red colour ; the fruit is round, the fize of a 
middling orange ; the top is covered by a cap, which 
was the fiigmaon the top of the flyle, and is indented in 
rays to the number of fix or feven, which are obtufe ; 
the fliell of the fruit is like that of the pomegranate, but 
fofter, thicker, and fuller of juice; it is green at firfi:, 
but changes to a dark brown, v/ith fome yellowilh fpots j 
4 he inlide of the fruit is of a rofe-colour, and divided in¬ 
to fcveral parts by thin partitions, as in oranges, in 
which the feeds are lodged, furrounded by a foft juicy 
pulp of a delicious flavour, partaking of the ftrawberry 
and the grape, and is efteemed one of the richefl fruits 
in the world ; the trees naturally growing in the form of 
parabolas, and the branches being well garnilhed with 
large fiiining green leaves, they have an elegant appear¬ 
ance, and ailord a kindly Ihade in hot countries, there¬ 
fore are worthy of cultivation in all thofe countries 
where there is warmth enough to ripen the fruit. It is 
elleemed the molt delicious of the Eaft-Indian fruits, 
and a great deal of it may be eaten without any incon¬ 
venience ; it is the only fruit which fick people are al¬ 
lowed to eat without fcruple. It is given with fafety in 
almofl; every diforder; andw'e are told that Dr. Solander, 
in the laft flage of a putrid fever at Batavia, found him- 
lelf inienfibly recovering, by fucking this delicious and 
retrelhingfruit; the pulp has a moll happy mixture of 
the tart and Iweet, and is no lefs falutary than pleafant, 
lor wliich realbn, in hot climates, it is allowed, with 
the fweet orange, in any q^uantity, to thofe who are af- 
flidted with fevers, either of the putrid or inflammato¬ 
ry kind. The dried bark is ufed withfuccefs in the dy- 
fentery and tenefmus ; and an infulion of it is elleemed 
a good gargle for a lore mouth or ulcers in the throat. 
The Chinele dyers ufe this bark for the ground or balis 
•of a black colour, in order to fix it the firmer. Na¬ 
tive of the Meducca illands, whence it has been tranf. 
planted to Java and Malacca. The head is lo fine and 
regular, and the leaves fo beautiful, that it is looked 
aipon at Batavia as the tree moll proper for adorning a 
garden, and affording an agreeable lhade. Mangollan 
IS the Malayan name. 
2. Garcinia Celebica, or Celebes mangollan : leaves 
lanceolate; peduncles three-flowered. 'I'his is not a 
lohy tree, but it has an elegant fpreading head ; leaves 
oppofite, on Ihortilrong petioles, five or fix pairs, nar- 
rower and lharper than thofe of the common mangollan ; 
in a young tree they are nine inches and a half long, and 
Von. VIll. No. 499. 
GAR 249 
three and a half or four inches broad, entirely fmooth 
and even ; tlie fruit rcfembles that of the common nian- 
goltan, but lometimes grows lo a larger fize ; it is of a 
yellow'illi red or fafl'ron colour, like the pomegranate, 
and is not crowmed with a liar, but widi a little crown, 
which is hollowed above, and broader tlierc than at its 
origin. Native of the illand of Celebes about Macall'ar, 
whence it has been tranlplanted into Amboyna and Ja¬ 
va, where however it I'eldom bears ripe fruit. 
3. Garcinia cornea, or horny mangofian ; le.\,ves lan¬ 
ceolate, veinlefs; peduncles one-flowered, drooping. 
The trunk of this tree is lofty, but not very thick; it is 
covered with a black bark, adhering firmly lo the 
wood; the branches extend w'ide, and divide into many 
fiiort branchlcts, vvhicli have a pair of leaves at each 
joint ; thel'e are large; from eleven to fifteen inches 
long, and four broad, but on old trees lliorter, fmooth, 
firm and Ihining, having a thick midrib beneath, but 
above fmooth and grooved ; jictioles th.ick and Ihort, 
frequently fo curved in, tliat the lower fide of the leaf 
becomes the upper one ; the flower comes out from the 
branch between the iippeiTeaves, lumgingon an incurv¬ 
ed peduncle, having the form of a ftnall rofe, but of a 
ellow colour. Fruit folitary, growing clofe to the 
ranch, the fize of a plum, crowned by a fort of a wart 
like the head of a nail; it is of adiillcy brown or fmoaky 
colour on the outfide, and within it has a raucous pulp, 
in which lie a few feeds in fhape of a half moon ; it has 
a refinous fmell when frefh ; the wood is heavy and very 
hard like horn, whence Ruinphius names it lignum cor- 
neum ; it is ufed for the handles of tools, and tiie young 
trees in building, the older ones being too hard to work. 
Native of Amboyna, in high remote mountains. 
Propagation and Culture. As there are but few of the 
feeds wiiich come to perfection (for the greatell part of 
them are abortive), fo moll of thofe which have been 
brought to Europe have failed ; therefore the fiireft way 
to obtain the plants, is to fow the feeds in tubs of earth 
in the country, and when the plants have obtained 
llrength, they may be brought to Europe ; but there 
Ihoiild be great care taken in their palfage, to fereen 
them from I'ak water and the fpray of the fea, as alfo 
not to give them much water, efpecially tvhen they are 
in a cool or temperate climate, for thel'e plants are very 
impatient of wet. When the plants arrive in Europe, 
they Ihould be carefully tranfplanted, each into a fepa- 
rate pot, filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and 
plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to lhade them fro'm 
the lun till they have taken new root; then they mull 
be treated in the fame manner as other tender plants 
from hot countries. 11 may be increal'ed here by cut¬ 
tings in the fame manner as is directed for Gardenia. 
GAR' 90 N,y. a French term for a boy or male child 
any time before his marriage. It is alfo applied to di¬ 
vers inferior fervants, among us called grooms, garfi- 
o/ies, See. 
GAKD,y. [gaMe, Fr.] Wardfliip ; care; ciiftody. 
GARD, a department of France, bounded on the 
north by the departments of the Lozere, and Ardeche, 
on the call by the Rhone, on the louth iDy the Meditcr- 
laneaa and the department of tlie Fierault, and omthe 
well by tlie departments of theHeraiilt and the Aveiron. 
Nimes is the capital. 
GAR'DA, a town of Italy, in the Veronefe, on a 
lake of the lame name : twelve miles north-well of 'Ve¬ 
rona. It comprehends eight parilhes. The town of 
Garda, in the time of the Guelphsand Gibelines, wa.s a 
celebrated fortrefs with a citadel, where Adeliieit, tlie 
widow of the emperor of Lotharius, afterwards tiie coii- 
lort of the emperor Otto I. was detained in prifon by 
Berenger II. At prelent Garda is but an open place ; 
and on the ruins of its citadel has been built an hermi¬ 
tage or convent of the Camalduan monks. 
GAR'DA, a celebrated lake of Italy, between the Ve- 
ronei'e and the Brclian, It is about fifteen leagues long, 
3 S and 
