GAR 
Hour of Mr. Ifaac Rand, wlio was a curious bofanifi:; 
it had. alfo been difcovered by fir Hans Sloane ia the 
ifland of Barbadoes. 
i6. Gardenia fragrans, or fragrant gardenid. Like G. 
dunietoruni, delights in a poor foil ; for, wJ:en brouglit 
into a_good foil, tlie thorns almofl totally difappear; 
flowers in June and July, about the beginning of the 
rains. Roxh. 137. 
Propagation and Culture. The common gardenia or cape 
jalhiin is ealily propagated by cuttings during the fum- 
mer feafon, planted in pots, plunged into a moderate 
hot-bed, covered clofe with bell or hand-glafles, and 
fereened from the fun ; when they have taken root, they 
fliould be carefully parted, and put each into a feparate 
finall pot, plunging, them again into the hot-bed, and 
fhading them until they have taken new root, after which 
they fliould be gradually inured to the open air ; though 
the cuttings flrike freely, and make flrong fhoots a year 
or two after, yet in three or fotir years they are apt to 
be flinted in their growth, the leaves turn pale tmd 
fickly, and the plants frequently die foon after, Th.e 
other gardenias, fo far as we are yet acquainted witli 
them, may be increafed and treated in the fame manner; 
allowance being made for feme, which are natives of 
hotter climates. 
15. Iherandia is propagated by feeds, fown early in 
fpring, in pots filled with light frefh earth, and plunged 
into a hot-bed of tanner’s bark, obferving to water the 
earth frequently but gently ; wlren the plants come up, 
admir frefh air to them every day when the weather is 
vrarm, and refrefh them often with water; in a month’s 
time they will be fit to tranfplant; (halv,e them carefully 
-out ol the pots, plant each in a fmall pot filled with 
light frefh earth, and pliuige them into the hot-bed 
again, Icrcening them from the fun until tliey h.ave taken 
new root ; after which they mufi have air and moifiure 
according to the warmth of the feafon. The plants may 
remain in the hot-bed till tcwvards Michaelmas, wlren 
the nights begin to be cold ; tlien they fliould be re¬ 
moved into the flove, and if tliey are plunged into the 
bark-bed, it will greatly forward their growth ; though 
they will live in the dry flove, in a moderate tempera¬ 
ture. During the two firfl feafons, whilfl the plants are 
young, keep them conflantly in the flove, wafliing their 
leaves whenever they contradl filth ; after they have ob¬ 
tained firengtii, expofe them in fummer to the open air 
for two or three months, in a warm fituation ; but. in 
winter place them in the flove, in a moderate warmth. 
The leaves continuing green throughout the year, this 
is a valuable plant for the flove. 
GAR'DENING, f. I'he a 61 of cultivating or plan¬ 
ning gardens.—My compolitions in gardening are after 
the Pindaric manner, and run in the beautiful wilder- 
jiefs of nature, without afi'eiling the nicer elegancies of 
art. Addifun. —Por the art of planning, cultivating, and 
impioving. Gardens, with the latefl and befl methods 
of grafting, pruning, framing, forcing, and conflrubt- 
ing hot-beds, pinarics, hot-houfes, lawns, pleafure- 
groiinds, and flower-gardens, lee the article Horti- 
C U LTU RE. 
GAR'DENSTOWN HARBOUR, a bay of Scotland, 
on the north coafl of Bamfl'shire : fix miles eafl of Bamft'. 
GARDEOI/.LE (La), a town of France, in the de¬ 
partment of the Tarn : eighteen miles fbuth-eaft of La- 
vaur. 
GAR'DINER (Stephen), an eminent Englifli pre¬ 
late and flatefman, borii at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1483. 
According to the moll probable accounts he was the na¬ 
tural fonof Dr. Lionel VVoodvill, or Witlvill, bifliop'of 
5 alilbtiry, a.nd brotlier to Elizabeth, queen confoi t to 
Edward IV’. He took his furuame from his reputed fa¬ 
ther, a menial fervant of tlie biiliop, whom his mother 
married to prevent the prelate’s reputation from being 
injured, he was lent to Trinity hall, in the univerfity 
of Cambridge, where lie purlued his Itudies with great 
V.OL. VIU. No. 500. 
Oar 
diligence and fuccefs, and obtained reputation for cor- 
rcflnefs and elegance in vvriting and fpeaking Latin, and 
extraordinary fkill in tlie Greek language. His writings 
afford ample proof how much lie lludicd the works of 
Cicero; and the critics of his time reproached him witli 
affectation, for the clofenefs with which he imitated his 
fiyle. Afterwards he applied himfelf to the fludy of 
the civil and canon law, and was created doiilor of the 
former in 1520, and of the latter in the following year. 
The reputation which he acquired in the univerfity foon 
proved tlie means of his introduftion to the favour and 
confidence of fome of the greatefi men of that age. 
Some accounts Itate that he was at firfl: patronifed by 
Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, and it is certain that 
he was taken into the family of cardinal Wolfey, who 
niade him his fecretary. While he filled this p-efl an- 
incident happened which introduced him to the know¬ 
ledge of the king, and tints gave rife to his farther ad¬ 
vancement. Cardinal Wolfey having projedhed an al¬ 
liance with the French king, Francis I. in 1525., he em¬ 
ployed Gardiner to draw up th.e plan of it. During the 
time that he was engaged on this work at the cardinal’s 
houfe at Moi f-Park, in Hertfordfhire, king Henry acci¬ 
dentally went thither, and was highly pleafed with the 
progrefs which th.e fecretary had made. In 1527-8 Gar¬ 
diner ivas appointed, jointly with Edward Fox, to pro¬ 
ceed on an embaffy to Rome, for the purpofe of nego- 
ciating the bufinefs of the king’s divorce from queen 
Catharine. Gardiner was appointed chief of the ein- 
balfy; and his addrefs and management fucceeded fo 
well, that he obtained a commiflion from the pope, ad- 
drefled to the cardinals Wolfey and Campeggi, empow¬ 
ering them to determine the bufinefs. Having fent Fox 
h.ome with an account of their negociations, Gardiner 
continued fome time longer at P-ome, where the dange¬ 
rous illnefs of pope Clement VI I. gave rife to various 
intrigues for fecuring a majority of votes in the facred 
college, in cafe of his demife. After Gardiner’s return 
to England, the arclideaconiy of Norfolk was bellowed 
upon him, in r eturn for liis fervices at Rome. This ap¬ 
pears to have been his firfl preferment in the church ; 
but in the ftate he made a more rapid progrefs. By his 
capacity for bufinefs, and activity in condiitling it, he 
had fo far recommended hinrfelf to the king, that he 
reforted to him in all.matters of moment; and as the li¬ 
bidinous Henry was defirous of having him entirely in 
his fervice, he took him from his fituation of fecretary 
to Wolfey, and appointed him to the office of fecretary 
of ftate ; in wliich capacity he could be more clofely 
confulted on the fubjedt of the divorce, which lay near- 
ell his majefty’s heart. The readinefs and diligence 
which Gardiner manifefted in carrying the king’s wifhes 
into execution, were foon rewarded by valuable eccle- 
fiaflical promotions. In the fpring of 1531 he was in- 
ftalled archdeacon of Leicefler, when he refigned the 
archdeaconry of Norfolk ; and in the September follow¬ 
ing he refigned his new preferment in favour of Dr. Fox. 
In the fame year he was incorporated dotlor of laws in 
the univerfity of Oxford, and in the month of Novem¬ 
ber confecrated bifliop of the rich fee of Winchelter. 
Dr. Gardiner was not apprifed, at the time, of the king’s 
defign of conferring this bifhopric upon him, for Henry 
would frequently abufe him as though he had been un¬ 
worthy of any favour ; and at the inflant when he granted 
him this piefcrment, he put him in mind of it. “ I 
have,” faid the king, “often fquared with you, Gar¬ 
diner,” (a word which he uled for that fpecies of re¬ 
buke,) “ but I love you nev'er the worfe, as the bifhop¬ 
ric which 1 give you will fufficiently evince.” After 
this preferment, Gardiner could Hand a royal battling 
without much anxiety ; or, to ufe his own words to the 
duke of Somerfet, “ he folded it up in the matter, and 
bore it patiently.” In 1533, bifliop Gardiner fat in the 
court ivith arch.bilhop Cranmer, when the latter prelate . 
pronounced the lenience by which queen Catharine’s 
3 T marriage 
