QIO GAS 
the anus; the little gall-bladder is faftened to it. The 
fplcen is triangular, and very fmall. The ftomach is 
long and large ; the inteltinal canal is fhort, and has but 
one finuofity. The roe and ovary are double. The 
air-bladder is fimple, and the fkin tliereof thick. The 
peritoneum is white with black dots. 
17. Gafterofteus fpinachia, the fifteen-fpined (tickle- 
back. Fifteen fpines or prickles on the back'are the 
certain mark to didinguifli this fpecies. There are 10 
rays in the pe6loral fins, 2 in the ventrals, 6 in the a.ial, 
12 in the tail, and 6 in the dorfal. This is much larger 
than the preceding fpecies; the body is (lender, being 
only an inch thick, tliough fometimes nine in length ; 
the head is cylindrical; the body, towards the tail, is 
five-(ided ; and the tail is flat. The head is fmooth, 
brown above, white below. The aperture of the mouth 
is fmall; the upper jaw protrudes beyond the lower; 
both are furnilhed v.drh little (liarp teeth. The pupil 
oftlieeye is black ; the iris filvcry. The gill-covert, 
and feutum of the breaft, are brown above, wliite and 
rayed below. The back and Tides are olive-coloured, 
the belly (livery. The lateral line is raifed, (It.irp, and 
compofed of feveral fmall feuta. On each fide of tlie 
belly is a long narrow bony plate, which protitides; 
the protrufion of thefe four corners with the (pine of the 
dorfal fin give the fi(h the pentagonal form we have 
mentioned. The pedtoral fins are lengthened ; the ven¬ 
trals confill of two fpines or prickles, of v/hich the firfl 
is the longelt; the firfl ray of the anal fin is a bent 
fpine ; the rays of the other fins are foft, and branched ; 
the dorfal fin is oppofite the anal; the tail-fin is round. 
The 15 fpines on the back are bent backwards, and are 
not fenfible to the touch when the.fifli has lowered them ; 
they are fmall compared with thofe we have mentioned 
before. This fpecies is found in the Baltic and North 
Seas: they are very plenty in Holland, and are often 
caught near Lubec. Willughby fays they are never 
found on the coafls of Britain ; but in that he is wrong. 
They live on the ova and young of other fifli, and on 
worms and infefts; fmall crabs alfo have been found in 
their Itomachs. This fpecies remain always in the fea, 
where they are caught among other fi(h ; they are taken 
eafily by making a great light, which draws them to¬ 
wards the nets. Lamp-oil is extracted from them, and 
they ferve to manure the land : the poor people eat 
them. 
18. Gaflerofteus fpinarella, the Indian flickleback. 
Four fpines on the hind part of the head, the lateral 
ones as lortg as the belly. There are 3 rays in the mem¬ 
brane of the gills, 16 in the dorfal fin, 20 in the pecto¬ 
rals, 4 in the ventrals, 8 in the anal. As the fpines are 
placed on the hind-head, and not abfolutely upon the 
back, Cepede, who multiplies genera at a vafl rate, has 
created one for this filh, cepkalacanthm, from y.i(poi,'Ko(;, the 
head, and ay.ctidsi, a (pine or prickle. The head is 
broader than the body, and flriated all over; the two 
upper fpines are more ferrated, broader, but (horter, 
than the others; upon the whole the head fbmewhat re- 
fembles that of the flying trigla. Inhabits India. 
19. Gallerofleuscentrclophus, the crelled (tickleback. 
Specific cliaraCter, a longitudinal creft, and behind 
that a row of 3 fpines, pointing forwards, very diflinCd 
from each other, but partly concealed under the (kin. 
Fo|irraysin the membrane of the gills, 17 in the pefcloral 
fins, 6 in the ventrals, 21 in the anal, 39 in the dorfal 
fin, tail forked, witli 23 rays. This is made a feparate 
genus by Cepede, for the fame reafon as the preceding, 
the fpines being above the nape. He calls it Centrolo- 
phiis; from centron, Greek, a fpine, and lophos, a cre/l. 
The dorfal and anal fins very low and long. Teeth very 
fmall, etjual, dijlinCl; fnout rounded ; lower jaw longed; 
r.odrils double; the palate and tongue free from afperi- 
tics, the latter at liberty, white, dotted with black. 
The eyes are very large. -Scales very fmall, rhomboi- 
«lal, and ftrongly adherent, extending over the head and 
GAS 
opercula as well as the body and tail; thofe on the head 
extremely minute, and their (hape not lo well defined. 
The lateral line bends dow-iwardsjinfceadof following the 
curvature cf'he back. This fuiLMiiar fpecies was tranf-. 
niitted froiri citizen Noel, of R.jt. jn, to Cepede ; it was 
caught at Fecamp, and md udy had ever feen fuch a one 
before. The filhcrnieu ail'd u the negro, as it is en¬ 
tirely of a black colour; length one foot. 
20. Gafteroflous acim uas, .;he fmall-fpined (lickle- 
back. Spectfic character, fbur fmall fpines before the 
dorfal fin, tnree rays in 1 he im nbrane of the gills. In¬ 
habits the leas of Dean; .rk, according- to Pontoppidan. 
21. Ga(t-roileus gi'Ui JUS, the blue It'.ckleback. Spe¬ 
cific character, 5 (pines on the '-ack, the firfl; directed to¬ 
wards the (noui ; the l iteral l;:;e undulated. This was 
called by the an fients, according to Rondeletius, 
from Its bate or (e:'-g;'een colour. The body is lono'; 
the teeth very iharp ; a. .■ upper furface is of the colour 
quoted above, but the belly ir very white. ' Flefli fat, 
firm, and ’,eU-tafled. 
gas i'LY, md itb derivatives. See Ghastly. 
GAS'iON Dc. FO ilyke of Nemours, and nephew 
of I.ouisXII. king of ih tnce. born in 1488. He was 
much beloved by his uncle, vvho called Jiim his own 
work, and took pride in his o; ening virtues. He gave 
Gallon the govei ament ot Milan, and made him general 
or his army in Italy. The \ oiing hero lignalifed his va¬ 
lour and abilities in various action--, which terminated in 
the battle of Ravenna, fcaight on Eafter-day, 1512. Af¬ 
ter lie had obtained the victory, he could not be dilTiia- 
ded from purlniiig a body of Spanifli infantry which re¬ 
treated in good order. Making a furious charge on this 
brave troop, he was thrown from his horl'e, and dif. 
patched by a tbuuft of a pike. He peri died in his twen- 
ty-lourth year, and the king’s alfliCIion for his death 
embittered all the joy arifing from his fuccefs. 
GAS'TORF, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
Leitmeritz : eight miles fbuth-eafl of Leitmeritz. 
GASTOU'NI, a town of European Turkey, in the 
Mcrea : twelve miles call of Chiarenza. 
GAS'l'RELL (Francis), a learned Englifh prelate, 
born at Slapton, in Northumptonlhire, about the year 
1662. He received his clalfical education at VVeflmin- 
fler Ichool, under the famous Biilby, where he was ad¬ 
mitted king’s fcholar, and eleCted thence a (fudent of 
Chrift-church college, Oxford, in 1680. His collegiate 
(Indies he profecuted with great diligence and fuccefs, 
and took his degree of bachelor of arts in 1684, and 
that of mailer of arts in 1687. Soon after this he v/as 
admitted into orders, and acquired dillinguidied reputa¬ 
tion by tile folidity, elegance, and ufefuhiefs, of his pul¬ 
pit compolitions. In 1694 he was admitted to the de¬ 
gree of bachelor of divinity, and was alio appointed 
preacher to the lionourable fociety of Lincoln’s-inn, 
London. The manner in which he acquitted himl'elf in 
this refpectable appointment gave fo much fatisfaclion 
to his learned hearers, that in 1697 he was appointed to 
preach the ledlure founded by the honourable Robert 
Boyle. During the fame year lie publilhed the eight 
fermons preached by him at that ledlure, in one conti¬ 
nued dilcourfe, that the ftrength of the proofs therein 
ufed might appear more plainly from their connedlion, 
and entitled The Certainty and Necellity of Religion in 
general; or, the firfl Grounds and Principles of Humane 
Duty edablilhed, &c. 8vo. As the reafonings in this 
dilcourfe were principally intended to counteract the 
influence ofatheiftical notions, the author very properly 
determined to follow them up, by a feries of arguments 
in defence of the chriftian religion againll the deilts. 
Accordingly, in 1699, he publilhed another dilcourfe as 
a fecoiid part of tlie fame important fubjett, entitled 
The ChrillianRevelation, and the Necellity of believing 
it edablilhed j in Oppolition to all the Cavils and Inli- 
nuations of luck as pretend to allow Natural Religion, 
and reject the Gofpel^ 8vo. In the year 1700,Mr, Gaf- 
trell 
