G A U 
fiiV determining the contents^ of cafks by meafurlng the 
diagonal only, viz; the diagonal from the bung to the 
extremity of the oppofite ftave next the head. This is 
d-one by a fqiiarc rule, having 4 Tides or faoes, being 
ufually 4 feet long, and hence called the fowr-fect. gnugiyig 
rod. —See a figure of it in Uie Engraving of Gages. Upon 
one face of this rule is a fcale of inches, for taking, the 
mealure of the diagonal; to thefe are adapted the areas, 
in ale gallons, of circle^ to the correfponding diameters ; 
and upon the oppofire face are two I'cafes, of ale and 
wine gallons, exi rcliing the contents of catks having the 
correfponding diagon.ds; and thefe are tlie lines which 
cliiefiy confiitute the difference between this infirument 
and the+liding rule ; for all the other lines upon it are 
the fame with thofe in li.at inftrument, and are to be 
U’fed in the lame manner. , 
To life the diagonal G A UG ing-Rod .—Uniold 
the rod, and- put it in-at the bung'-hole of the calk to be 
gauged, till its end arrive at the interfedtion of the head 
and oppofite flavc,-.or to the farthell polfiLle didance from 
the bung-hole, and note the inches and parts cut by the 
middle of the bung; then draw out the rod, and look for 
the fame inches and parts on the oppofite face of it, and 
annexed to them are found the contents of the cafk, both 
in ale and wine gallons.— For Example: Let it be required 
to find, by this rod, the content of a calk whofe diagonal 
racafures 34*4 inches ; which anfwcrs to the cafk in the 
foregoing example, wlrofe head and bung diameters are 
32 and 24, and length 40 inches ; for if to the fquare of 
20, half the length, be added the fquare of 28, half the 
fum of the diameters, the fquare root of the lum w ill be 
34-4 nearly. Now, to this diagonal 34‘4, correfponds, 
upon the rule, the content 91 ale gallons, or in wine 
gallons; which are but i lefs than the content brought 
out by the general rule above given. 
The Gauging Sliding Rule, is alfo particularly 
adapted to the purpoles of gauging. It is a fquare rule, 
of four faces or fides, three of which are furnifhed with 
Hiding pieces running in grooves. The lines upon them 
are mofily logarithmic ones, or diflances which are pro- 
portioiral to the logarithms of the numbers placed at the 
ends of them-; which kind of lines was ])laced upon rulers 
by Mr. Edmund Gunter, for expeditioufly performing 
arithmetical operations, ufing a pair of compaifes for 
taking off ancfapplying the feveral logarithmic diflances ; 
but inftead of the compaifes. Hiding pieces were after¬ 
wards added by Mr. Thomas Everard, as more certain 
and convenient in pniCtice, from whom this Hiding- rule 
is often called Everard's Rule. 
GA'VI, a town of Italy, in the Hate of Genoa, once 
very ftrong, but the fortifications have been deltroyed : 
t-wenty-five miles north of Genoa. 
GA'VI.-^, a town of'Spain, in the province of Gre¬ 
nada : four miles foulh-louth-wefl of Grenada. 
G.AUJAC', a town of France, in the department of 
tlie Lannes : four leagues fouth-eaft of Dax. 
GAUL, the-name given by the Romans to the coun¬ 
try wJiich afterwards formed the kingdom of thuJ-Franks, 
or France.—See the article France, vol. vii. p. 647 ; 
and Gai.lia, p. 192, of this volume. 
GAUL'FRIDE, a man’s name. Chaucer. 
G.‘-\U-L'MIN (Gilbert), a French writer^ born‘at 
Moulins in 15S3. Fie was of the profefiion of the law, 
and became dean of the malters of reqtteffs, counfellor 
of Hate, and intendant of the Nivernois. Uc obtained 
the reputation of being one of ih.e mod learned men and 
acute' critics of his time; but it has been alferted that 
his talents were rather thofe vvhich fitted him for fhining 
in an afi'embly x)f fuperficial admirers of literature, than 
for compofing works of folid erudition. He was accuf- 
torned. to harangue in public at the Luxemburgh, amid 
a crowd of auditors; .and whatever might be his defi¬ 
ciencies, he certainly did not want confidence in his own 
acquit ements. Hewas warmly attached to cardinal Ma- 
zarin, and feverely. epigramuuuifed his enemies of the 
parliament. Upon the refulal of the rector of his parifli, 
G A U ^19 
for fome reafbn, to marry him to the objedt of his choice, 
he declared in his prefence that he took fuch a woman 
for his wife, and afterwards lived with her as fuch. This 
circumftance gave the name of marriages a la Gaulmine to 
unions of this kind, and their validity was legally exa¬ 
mined, and pronounced null. His writings confifi: of 
lome Latin poems, and of notes and commentaries on fe- 
vera! works of antiquity. Fie firft publiiEed th.e Greek 
romance of Ifmenias and Ifmene, attributed to Euftatius, 
with a Latin commentary. He died in 1665. 
GAUL'ONITES, a fedl among the Jews, fo named 
from Judas Gaulonites, who oppofed the tribute railed 
by Cyrenius in the time of Auguftus. 
GAU'LOS, in ancient geography, a fmall ifland of 
Sicily, in the African fea, adjojnin.g to Melite or Malta, 
with commodious harbours; a colony of Phoenicians, 
with a cognominai town. Gaulonitae, the people. Now 
called Gozo, five miles to the weft of Malta. 
GAULT (Le), a town of France, in the department 
of the Loir and Cher, and chief place of a canton, in 
the diflrift of Montdoubleau : eight miles north of 
Montdoubleau. 
GAULTHE'RIA, yi [lo named by Kalm from GauL . 
thicr, a phyfician and botaniff of Canada.] In botany, a 
genus of the clafs decandria, order monogynia, natural 
order bicornes, (erica, JuJf.) The generic charadlers 
are—Calyx ; perianthium double, approximating, per¬ 
manent ; outer two-leaved, Hiorter ; leaflets half-ovate, 
concave, obtufe ; inner one-leafed, five-cleft, bell-fhap- 
ed ; fegments half ovate. Corolla: one-petalled, ovate, 
half-five-cleft ; border fmall, rolled back ; neCtary of¬ 
ten lubulate, upright, very fhort, bodies, or glands, fur¬ 
rounding the germ within the ftamens. Stamina : fila- - 
ments ten, fubulate, bent in, fhorter titan the corolla, 
inferted into the receptacle ; antherae two-horned, with 
the horns bifid. Piftillum: germ roundifh, flatted; 
ftyle cyiindric, the length of tlie corolla ; fligma obtufe. 
Pericarpium : capfule roundifh, obtufely five-cornered, 
flatted, five-celled, five-valved, opening into five parts 
at the top, covered all round with the inner perianth, 
changed into a roundifh coloured berry, pervious at 
the top. Seeds ; very many, fubovale, angular, bony.— 
EJJhntial CharaEltr. Calyx, outer two-leaved, inner five- 
cleft ; corolla ovate ; neftary witli ten dagger points ; 
capfule five-celled, covered with tlie inner calyx, now- 
become a berry. 
Epecies. i. Gaultheria procumben-s,. or trailing gaul- 
theria : leaves alternate, ovate, entire; ftem fhrubby, 
trailing. This plant has the appearance of Pyrola or 
A^ac-imum, -with a creeping root. It is a fmall ever¬ 
green trailing fhrub, a fpan high, and fcarcely branched ; 
leaves terminatirig the ftem, three or four, o’hovate, 
liuootli, coriaceous, fpreading, with a few acuminate 
Icrratures; flowers folivary, axillary, pendulous, pc- 
diincled; inner calyx and corolla w hite, or of an herb¬ 
aceous colour, a!nd rarely fucceeded by fruit in Eng¬ 
land. The fruit is red on the outfide and flclhy, reiem- 
bfinga-berry ; the capfule within is very thin, and ni. 
bereJed v.irh the protuberance of the feeds; tie- parti¬ 
tions alfo within are very thin, and are faflened fo the 
axis tuid the furrows of tiie fliell : .there, are, live recep- 
.tacies, which are flefliy, flatted, bowed, -fixed -at the 
bate, but loofe in the other parts, or connected with, tlic 
axis of the fruit by a very thin membrane ; feeds very 
f'liiall, fmooth, thining, ferruginous'. Nativm of Can.ida, 
on a dry, .(teiile, landy, foii. d he leaves, arc uled, there 
in an in.uiiion, imtead of tea. 
2. Gauitheri.a antipoda, or antipodean gaultheria • 
leaves feattered, roundifii, ferrat: -toothed ;,Item fhrub¬ 
by, diffufed. Native of New Z-aland. .. 
Propagation and Culiitre.—i. The nicthdd of preferving 
this plant in a garden, is to fet it in a pot, filled w-itu 
loofe undunged'earth, placing it in the fliade, and fre- - 
quently v/atering it. T bus the plant may be kept alive 
two or three years, and bear flowers, but not fruit. 
G.‘\.U'NERSDORFFj a sown o.f Germany, ia.the. 
arch-'. 
