314 GEN GEN 
gers. They were expelled Rome by a formal decree of pofTeffions of feveral provinces; and, among the re/h, 
the fenate; and yet found fo much proteflion from the the Genevefe adopted the pretenfions of the ancient 
credulity of the people, that they remained in the city counts,'and afpired to the fovereignty of a town at once 
unmolefted. Antipater and Archinapolus have fliewn a frontier and flourifhing. Several attempts were made 
that genethliology Ihould rather be founded on the time by different princes, but nothing very alarming, till, in 
of the conception, than on that of the birth. the beginning of the fixteenth century, Charles III. a 
GENETHLI AL'OGY, f. {^genethlialogia, Lat. ystiE^- fiery and enterprifing prince, by confent of the bifhops, 
Gr. ] The fcience of calculating nativities, or frequently came into the town with a great deal of 
predicting the future events of life from the ftars pi’edo- parade, to gain fome and intimidate others ; and to make 
minant at the birth. a fhow of his authority, put to death fome citizens who 
GENETHLIAT'IC,y. [yEjESXjj, Gr.] He who cal- dared to refill his tyrannic will. A citizen of Geneva, 
dilates nativities.—The truth of aftrolosical nrediClions named Berthelier. who had obtained the freedom of 
is not to be referred to the conftellations : iht ge 7 iethliaiks 
conjecture by the difpofition, temper, and complexion, 
of the perfon. Drumrmid. 
GENE'VA,/i [a corruption oigenevre, French, a ju¬ 
niper-berry. ] The ardent fpirit callpdg/n.—We ufed to 
keep a diltilled fpirituous water of juniper in the fliops. 
At prefent only a better kind is diltilled from the juniper- 
berry : what is commonly fold is made with no better an 
ingredient than oil of turpentine, put into the (till with 
a little common fait and the coarfefl fpirit. Hill. 
GENE'VA, a free city and republic, many years in 
alliance with the Swifs, fituated on the confines of Savoy, 
France, and Swiflerland, at the fouthern extremity of 
the lake, called the lake oJGemva, or the Leman-lake •, the 
Rhone paffing through it, and dividing it into two un¬ 
equal parts. Julius Caefar made it a place of arms. It 
flourifhed greatly under the fucceffbrs of Caefar : the in¬ 
habitants became Chriftians in the third century, and, at 
leaft as early as the middle of the fourth, it was made 
the fee of a bifliop. The invafions of the herds of peo¬ 
ple from the north, the diforders, ravages, and revolu¬ 
tions, which followed, were not lefs fenfibly felt at Ge¬ 
neva, than in other parts of the weftern empire. This 
city and neighbouring country fell to the Burgundians, 
afterwards to the Franks. Charlemagne, when he af- 
fembled his army at Geneva to march againit the Lom¬ 
bards, augmented the privileges of the citizens, and 
granted them free fairs. In the difmemberment of the 
vafl eftatesof Charlemagne, Geneva became fucceflively 
annexed to the kingdom of Arles and Burgundy. In 
the year 1032, it was united to the German empire; but 
the authority of the emperors, not yet well eftablii'hed, 
w'as hardly at all regarded in the diftant provinces; the 
great vaiTals were become independent. Necefiity had 
taught the towns to provide for their defence, by uniting 
and forming a government within thcmfelves ; and the 
chiefs of the empire, too feeble to maintain their proper 
authority, protefled the aflbeiations of the common peo¬ 
ple, and augmented their liberties, as a balance to the 
tyranny of the lords and the clergy. In the midlt of 
this confufion, which frequent revolutions and profound 
ignorance had prolonged for feveral centuries, the clergy, 
under one chief, w hi.m the pope had rendered powerful, 
had begun to join a great portion of temporal jurifdittion 
to their I'piritual jurifdidtion, already too extenfive. 
T]hus, the bifhops of Geneva, like the bifliops of Lau- 
filnne and Sion, had obtained of the emperors the title 
of princes and fovereigns over the city, and a confider- 
ahle furrounding country. On the other hand, the counts 
of the Genevefe, that is to fay, the country in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Geneva, originally only officers of the em¬ 
perors, though now become valfalsof the biffiop, afpired 
to an exclufive adminilhation of juftice bod: in the 
town and country. The bulls of the emperors .and the 
popes ferved rather to keep up thefe difpu .es chan to 
decide them. The people, preifed alternatel) by thefe 
two powers, profited by their clifputes to conrirm and 
extend their privileges.. They were lets afraid of the 
authority of the bilhop, who had a greater inrerefl at 
flake. Neverthelefs, a third power was formed in the 
neighbourhood, which menaced the liberty of the city. 
The counts of $a\oy became powerful by the fuccelfive 
Friburg, in Swifferland; infinuated to the chiefs of that 
republic the benefit of an alliance with Geneva, and that 
it would be to their intereft to prevent the latter city 
from falling into the power of an ambitious neighbour. 
A treaty was concluded, and two parties arofe in Geneva, 
one which remained attached to the intereft of the duke, 
and the other on the fide of liberty. The former were 
called Mamelukesy from the troops of Egypt who were 
fo called. The others received the furname of Huguenots, 
which was afterwards given to all the proteftants of 
France. This latter term is, without doubt, a cor¬ 
ruption of the German word eidgnofs, which fignifies 
bound or confederate by oath. The duke Charles, ir¬ 
ritated by this tranfa6lion, entered Geneva with a body 
of troops, by a breach in the wall, and compelled the 
people to renounce their new alliance, and, by folicita:- 
tions among the Swifs cantons, perfuaded Friburg to 
defift from the treaty, promifing not to injure the liber¬ 
ties of Geneva. Neverthelefs, Berthelier was facrificed 
to his vengeance, and the bifiiop, furrounded by a nume¬ 
rous guard, entered into the council general, and depofed 
the magiftrates. Fortunately for Geneva, they quitted 
the town foon after thefe fudden a£ts of violence, and 
gave the citizens time to recover from their terror and 
confternation. A new alliance was entered into between 
the towns of Berne, Friburg, and Geneva,in the year 1326- 
which the duke of Savoy was not able to prevent, and 
occafioned long wars between the republic and Savoy. 
The bilhop, in his turn, being embroiled with the duke,, 
was reduced to demand the right of the citizenffiip of 
Geneva, to enjoy the proteftion of the new alliance,, 
which he confirmed. 
At this time the doflrine of the reformation began to 
be received by the people, fired hy the enthufiafm of 
liberty, which invited them to throw off the yoke both 
ecclefiaftical and political. The bifliop, whofe aftions 
had almoft always been weak or deceitful, was became 
defpicable in the eyes of the people and the duke. His 
imprudent menaces and precipitate retreat, ferved to 
Itrengthen the caufe of the reformers. Of their two 
allies, one exhorted the Genevefe not to feparate from 
the communion of the church of Rome. The other 
preffed them to confirm their liberty by fhaking off the 
ecclefiaftical yoke. In 1535, in full council, the doc¬ 
trines of the reformation were adopted ; in confequence 
of which the canton of Friburg renounced the alliance. 
The celebrated John Calvinarriving accidentally at Ge¬ 
neva, towards the clofe of the following year, was in¬ 
duced to remain and complete the work tlrat was begun. 
Geneva was now regarded as the centre and afylum of 
the reformed religion, both by the French and Italians, 
and by the retreat of the perfecuted proteftants, the arts 
and commerce became daily more flourilliing, and po¬ 
pulation increafed. In 1559, an academy was founded, 
under the diredtion of L heodore Beza. In 1536, the 
cantons of Berne and Friburg, and the Valais, feized on 
fome of the provinces belonging to the duke of Savoy, 
near the lake of Geneva, which procured fome refpite 
of hoftilities to the new republic. In 1384, a perpetual 
alliance was entered into between Berne, Zurich, and 
Geneva, which formed the bond of union between 
Geneva and Swiflerland. In 1602, an attempt w.as made 
a by 
