GEOGRAPHY. 350 
improved globe?, and tliofe of the common conftruc- 
tion, candour impels us to remark as follows : In the 
improved terreftrial globe, reprefented at fig. .2, the 
moveable horizon is fliifted, as it would naturally Ihift, 
fiiould an inhabitant move from one latitude to another. 
In the common globe, we can elevate the pole to the 
fame efifedt ; but in Londoii, fiiould we elevate the pole 
for the latitude of Jamaica, the axis at London would 
not point to the north pole, or polar ftar j yet, fuppofing 
we were at Jamaica, it would then point juftly. The 
axis of the earth, with refpeCt to the horizon, may 
therefore be faid, relatively to the horizon, to be con¬ 
tinually fitifring, as an inhabitant changes his latitude. 
Tliis may be eafily underftood by an attentive learner, 
without confufing ids ideas. 
The horizon, on the broad circle upon the Hand of 
the common globes, containing alio the ecliptic, divided 
into figns and degrees, and a contiguous calendar, is not 
defigned to reprefent more than the horizon of a place. 
The graduated circle of the ecliptic is ufeful for finding 
the place of the fun for any day in a ready manner, 
without the trouble of referring to an ephemeris ; the 
fun’s place being found, the ecliptic circle upon the 
globe is immediately ufed to have the requifite mark 
fet on it. The fun’s place being thus fixed on tlte 
^iobe, the performance of a problem, by tunung the 
fun and globe round together, is certainly not fo firictly 
agreeable to nature, but it is fufficient for the refult of 
a problem. Yet in the infpeifting of particular coun¬ 
tries on the terreftrial globe, it is proper to have it quite 
clear, and without being obliged to pufli away any con¬ 
tiguous appendages. For the performance of the pro¬ 
blems on the planets, and tracing the paths of comets. See, 
the celeftial globe, mounted in the common way, will 
be found more convenient. Upon the whole, theri,fore, 
the following particulars appear to be the chief advan¬ 
tages in the improved mounted globes, and thofe in the 
common manner. 
In the improved globes, the axis always retains a na¬ 
tural and permanent pofition, diredfing to the north 
pole in the heavens, when duly fet by the compafs. 
The fun, upon the ftem E, fig. 2, or moon, or planets, 
being in a fixed pofition, and the globe turning about 
its axis before, is tlie natural and juft reprelentation of 
the catife of all the various phenomena refp.eriting 
their rifing, culminating, fetting, lengths of days and 
niglits, See. refulting from the diurnal motion of the 
earth, and the refpeiStive fituations of the planets in 
their orbits.—The moveable horizon, meridian, &c. 
applied to this globe, can have their pofitions naturally 
changed, according to the motion or iltuation of any in¬ 
habitant of the earth.—I'his globe, being placed in a 
darkened room, and a candle or lamp being placed at a 
proper diftance, in a line with the centre of the fun ; 
the globe v/ill be divided, as in nature, into the en¬ 
lightened and darkened hemifpheres, and fiiew in what 
degree the various countries enjoy the prefence of the 
fun or day, and the lengths at that'time of the day and 
night.—By the wheel-work, contained on the plate CD, 
the relative pofition of the axis to the terminator of 
light and darknefs is fhewn, confequently, the ftate of 
tlie light and darknefs of the earth at any fealbn of the 
year. 
With refpedl to the globes, mounted in the common 
manner; their having no brafs circles or other appen¬ 
dages, contiguous to their furfaces, renders them inore 
eafy for infpebtion, and in the performance of a variety 
of problems,—All great circles of the fphere, being 
imaginary, and referred to in the heavens, the pofition 
of right, parallel, and oblique, to the inhabitants of tlie 
earth, can only be reprefented by the common mounted 
globe, where there is a contrivance of the horary circle 
being under the meridian, or to Ihift away occufionally 
from the pole. Globes of large dimeniions, fuch a.s 
eighteen.inches in diameter and upwards, arc much lefs 
expenfive and portable, mounted in the common way, 
than in the new way. Thefe obfervations will be fuffi¬ 
cient to give the reader a fair idea of the merits, and 
defebls, of botli mountings. In tlie performance of a 
variety of problems upon the common globe, he will 
find many otliers that are not necefi'ary to be noticed 
here ; as well as to convince him that a correbf know¬ 
ledge of the celeftial and terreftrial phenomena, can 
only be obtained by joining real obfervations of the 
heavenly bodies, and the true geographical phenomena 
of tlie earth, with tlie portions of his ftudies on the 
globes.—See the common terreftrial globe in the Geo¬ 
graphy Plate III. fig. 5. 
PROJECTION OF GLOBES and MAPS. 
To projeB the countries, or conjlellations, on Globes .—Front 
the given diameter of the intended globe, find a right 
line, as A B in the annexed figure, equal to the circum¬ 
ference of a great circle, and divide it into 12 equal 
D 
parts. Through the feveral points of divifion, i, 2, 3, 4,- 
&c. with the interval of ten of them, deferibe arclies 
mutually iiiterfefling each otlier in D and E ; thefe 
figures, or conical pieces, duly joined together, will 
make the whole furface of the globe. Divide each part 
of the line A B into 30 equal parts, fo that the whole 
line A B, reprefentipg the periphery of the equator, may 
be divided into 360 degrees. In the Geography Plate II. 
fig. 4, one of thefe cones, projebted for a celeftial globe, 
is reprefented on a larger fcale. Now from the poles 
marked D and E, in this cone, with the interval of 23^ 
degrees, deferibe arches a, b ; thefi: will be twelfth-parts 
of the polar circles. After the like manner, from the 
fame poles D and E, with the interval of 66^ degrees, 
reckoned from the equator, deferibe arches c, d ; thefe 
will be twelfth-parts of the tropics. Through the de¬ 
gree of the equator e, coi refponding to the right afeen- 
fion of any given ftar and the poles D and E, draw an 
arch of a circle, and, taking in the compaffes the com¬ 
plement of the declination from the pole D, deferibe an 
arch interfefling it in i ; this point i will be the place of 
that ftar. All the ftars of a conftellation being thus laid 
down, the figure of the conftellation is to be drawn ac-- 
cording to Bayer, Hevelius, or Flamftead. In tlie fame 
manner are the declinations and right afeenfions of each 
degree of the ecliptic dg to be determined. The furface 
of file globe thus projected on a plane, is to be engraven 
on copper, to fave the trouble of doing this overagain for' 
eacli globe. A ball in the mean time is to be prepared 
of plafter. See. of the intended diameter of the globe; 
on this, by means of a femicircle and ftyle, is the equa¬ 
tor to be drawn, and through every 30th degree a meri¬ 
dian. The ball thus divided into twelve parts, corre- 
fpondiiig to the fegments before projected, the latter are 
to be cut from the printed paper, and pafted on the ball. 
Nothing remains but to hang the globe in a brazen me¬ 
ridian and 'wooden horizon, to which may be added a 
quadrant of altitude made of brafs, and divided in the 
lame manner as the ecliptic and equator.—See the ar- 
tide Globe. 
' If the declinations and right afeenfions of the ftars be 
not given, but the longitudes and latitudes in lieu there¬ 
of, the furface of the globe is to be projeiffed after the 
fame manner as before, except that in this cafe D and 
i 
