GEOGRAPHY. 
particular ftates; and fcan with a Tingle glance of the 
eye, tlie geographical connexion of all the regions vvhicli 
invert: the globe. 
SUMMARY OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
The firrt divirton of tire Eartli by the ancients, was 
into land^ and water. The land was tiie cajlern continent, 
fnrrounded by the ocean, coinprifing Europe, Afia, and 
Africa, which were foiuetiincs called by the ancients, 
three continents. 
The ocean, Mare or Oceanus, was divided into two ge¬ 
neral parts : Mare Externum, and Marc Internum. The Mare 
Externum lay beyond the Streights of Gibraltar, Heretdis 
Columnes. To the north it was called Oceanus Septentrio- 
na/is, H)perboreus, Glacialis, the Northern Ocean : to the 
well, Oceanus Occi.duiis, Atlanticus, H.fperius, the Atlantic : 
to the fouth, Oceanus Auftralis, Meridionalis, the Indian 
Ocean : to the eart, Oceanous Ecus, Orientalis, commonly 
called the Pacific or Great South Sea. 
Oceanus Septentrionalh, the Northern Ocean, was divided 
into Mare Ardoum, the North Sea, and Mare Britannicmn, 
the Britifli Sea.— Mare ArEloum included SAiis Codanus, the 
Baltic, and the feas to tlie north of Thule, generally fup- 
pofed to be Iceland.—ATar? Britannicum comprehended 
tlie Teas from Thule to the coart of Spain and Portugal.— 
Mare Internum or Nojlrum, the Mediterranean, conumfni- 
caled with the ocean by Fretum Hcrculeum or Gaditanum, 
the Streights of Gibraltar. It may be divided into the 
following feveral parts; 
I. Mare SardotuA, the Sardinian Sea, w'hich extended 
from the Strei'glits of Gibraltar to the illand of Sardinia. 
2. Mare Inferum, Tyr'rhenum, Tufciun, which waflicd the 
weft coart of Italy down to Sicily. 3. Mare Ionium, the 
Ionian Sea, extending from Sicily to the Morea; it in¬ 
cluded Mare Superum, the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. 
4. Mare JE^eum, the Archipelago. 5. Mare Parthenium, 
the Levant. 6. Mare Lybicum, the African Seas. 7. Pontus 
Euxinus, the Black Sea; at the entrance into which is 
Propontis, the Sea of Marmora ; and beyond it Palus 
Meeotis, the Sea of Zabacche. 
EUROPA. 
This divirton of the world, by the ancient geogra¬ 
phers, is ftated to be bounded on the North and Well 
by the Great Ocean; on the South by Mare Internum, the 
Mediterranean; on the Eart by the Tanais, or Don.— 
’S.v^stTfrif ^ Acruj; Ta^al; /xi<r< 70 v Dionyf. Perig. 
The Romans divided Europe into nine principal parts: 
I. Infuhe Britannicce, the Britilh Ifles. 2. Hifpania, Spain. 
3. Gallia, Gaul. 4. Germania, Germany. 5. Sarmatia, 
Poland, and part of Rullia. 6. Dacia, part of Hungary 
and Tranfylvania. 7. lllyricum, part of Aurtria and Hun¬ 
gary, Sclavonia, Bofnia, Dalmatia. 8. Gracia, Greece. 
9. Italia, Italy.—Thefe we lhall deferibe in their refpec- 
tive order. 
BRITANNIA ANTIQUA.—The Britilh Irtes were 
divided into three parts: Albion, Hibernia, and Infula Mi- 
nores. Albion, or Britannia Major, ndturd triquetra, was 
divided into Britannia Romana or Citerior, South Britain ; 
and Britannia Ulterior, or North Britain. Being of a tri¬ 
angular form ; the point or headland to the North was 
Called Orcas, Dunglby Head ; the other two were Bolcriuni 
Proniontoriv.m, the Land’s End, and Cantium Promontorium, 
the North Foreland. Britannia Romana or Citerior, South 
Britain, or England, was divided into Superior and Inje- 
rior. Higher and Lower. 
A I, BIO N Superior contained the three provinces of 
Britannia Prima, Flavia Cafarienjis, and Britannia Secunda .— 
Britanni.\ Prima, the Southern part of Fhigland, 
lying between the Severn and Thames, was divided into 
fix parts ; and contained, i. The Cantii, inhabiting Kent. 
Their chief towns were : Doroberniim, Canterbury; Du- 
bris, Dover; Rutupia or Rutvpis,Rjie:\\horot\g\\-, Regulbium, 
Reculver; Durobrivis, Rochefter; Portus Lemanis, Stutfall 
VOL.VIII. No.509. 
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Cartle ; according to others. Lime, nearHythe ; Anderida, 
New'enden. 2. 'The Regni, inhabiting Surrey, Sufl'ex, and 
part of Hampfliire; and, 3. the Bclga, inhabiting Somer- 
fetrtiire, V/iltrtiire, and part of Hampfliire. Their chief 
towns were: Aqua Solis, or Calida, Bath; Tkeodorunum, 
Wells; Sorbiodunum, Old Saruih; Venta Belgarun, Win- 
cliefter. 4. T\\z Atrebates, inhabiting Berkfhire: chief 
towns, Galkva, Wallingford ; and Spina, Speen, adjoin¬ 
ing to Newbury. 5. The Durotriges, inhabiting Dorfet-. 
lliire : cliief town, Durnovaria or Durnium, Dorchertcr. 
6. The Damnonii, inhabiting Cornwall and Devonfliire : 
their chief town, ifea, Exeter. Here were alfo Damno- 
nitim or Ocrinim Promontorium, the Lizard Point; Bolerium 
or Antivcjlaum Promontorium, the Land’s End ; Silurum In~ 
fula, or Cqjjiterides, the'Scilly Iflands. 
FT.avia Czesariensis, fo named from the family of 
Vefpafian, was the country lying between the Thames 
and the Humber, alfo divided into fix parts; ;tnd con¬ 
tained, I. The Trinobantes, inhabiting Middlefex and 
Elfex. Their chief towns were: Londinum, London; 
Camalodunum, Malden, or Colchertcr, perhaps the firrt 
Roman colony in Britain.—In Coloniam Camelodunum 
recens deduOti, pellebant domibus, exturbabant agris. 
Tacitus. —2. Tlie Iceni, inhabiting Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam¬ 
bridge, and Huntingdonfiiire. Chief towns : Venta Iceno- 
Norwich; Villa Faujlini, St. Edmund’s Bury ; Cam~ 
boritum, afterwards Granta and Cantabrigia, Cambridge. 
3. 1 he Catyeuchlani, inhabiting Biickiiighamrtiire, Hert- 
fordlhire, and Bedfordlhire : whofe chief towns were: 
Pontes, Colnbrook; and Verulamium, Verulam, near St. 
Alban’s,—Eadem ciades Municipio Vertilamio fuit. 
Tacitus. —4. The Dobimi, inhabiting Gloucefterfiiire, and 
Oxfordrtiire. Their chief towns were : Oxonia, Oxford; 
Clanum or Clevum, afterwards Claudia Cajlra, Gloucerter. 
5. The Cornavii, inhabiting WarwJck(hire,Worcefter(hire, 
Sfart'ordlliire, Shroplhire, and Chelliire. Their chief 
towns were: Prafidium, called alio Verovicum, Warwick; 
and Deva, or Dana, Chefter. 6. Coritani, iiihabiti ng the 
fiiires of Northampton, Leicefter, Rutland, Lincoln, Not¬ 
tingham, and Derby. Their chief town was, Lindum Co- 
lonia, Lincoln. 
Britannia Secunda, the fecond part of the ifiand 
conquered by the Romans, lay between the Severn and 
the Irifli Sea ; it is fometimes called Superior, and anfwers 
to Wales. It contained, i. The Silures, the inhabitants 
of Hereford, Radnor, Brecknock, Monmouth, and Gla- 
morganfiiire. To them belonged IJ'ca Silurum, Caerleon; 
Venta Silurum, Caerwent. 2. The Demeta, inhabiting Caer- 
marthen, Pembroke, and Cardiganfliire. 3. The Ordo- 
vices, inhabiting F'lint, Denbigh, Montgomery, Merio¬ 
neth, Caernarvonfhire, and Anglefea. 
Albion Inferior, contained the two provinces of 
Maxima Cajarienfis, and Valentia, Maxima Cafarienfis, lying 
between the Humber and the Tyne, contained, i. Parifi, 
the Eart Riding of Yorkfhire. 2. The Brigantes, inha>- 
biting tile Well and North Ridings of Yorkfliire, Dur¬ 
ham, Lancafliire,Wertmoreland, and Cumberland. Tlieir 
chief towns were : Eboracum, York, where Severus and 
Conftantitis Clorus died; Luguballitm, or Cajlra Explura- 
torum, Carlifie. 
Valentia, between the Tyne and Frith of Forth, was 
occupied chiefly by the Ottadini, inhabiting Northum¬ 
berland. It all'o contained the three Roman walls, i. 
Adriani Vallum, the Pidls Wall, eighty miles in length, 
from the mouth of the Tyne to the Solway F'rith. 2. 
Antonini, or Lolli Urbici Vallum, Graham’s Dyke, thirty- 
eight miles in length, from the Frith of Forth to the 
Frith of Clyde, where Agricola had before raifed forts. 
3. Severi Murus, a wall of free-ftone, built on or near 
Adrian’s Rampart. 
Albion Ulterior, called alfo Borea/zV, or Barbara, 
now Scotland, was inhabited by the Pidls, divided into 
the Veduriones and Oaledonii, or Ducaledones, Attacotta, and 
Horjli,—Riitilx Caledonitim habitantium coma-, magni 
5 B . arms. 
