G E O G R A P H Y. 
'170 
artus, Gemanias originem adfeverent. Tacitus. —In this 
divifion, the general name of thofe who lived to the 
foiith of Antoninus’s Rampart, was Maata; and Cakdonii, 
of thole who lived to the north of it. Their chief towns 
were: Cajlra Alata, Edinburgh; 3.nA Alaterva, Cramond. 
Concerning the original llem-tribes of Britain, M. 
Mannert, in his “ Northern Geography,” dates as fol¬ 
lows :—“ Casfar came to Britain, and found Celts iinme- 
morially fettled there. He fays, “ people of Belgiunv,” 
not tliat he meant to indicate a nation diftincf from tlie 
Celts, as fome believe, but becaufe the Belgian coalt, 
lying next to Britain, may naturally be fuppofed to have 
furniflied the colonills. That they did not ditfer from 
the other Celts, either in language or cuftoms, may be 
inferred from the circumllance that young men were 
lent from Gaul to be educated under the Britilh Druids. 
Later writers concur with Ctefar. Tacitus, in the life 
of Agricola, c. ii, difcovers among the Britons manners 
and cultoms refembling thofe of the Gauls. Tlie Silures 
appear to him a colony from Spain, on account of their 
full complexion and crifp hair. The Caledonians he 
derives from the Germans. Conceiving, like all his co- 
temporaries, that the weftern extremity of Britain lay 
oppofite to the north coafl: of Spain; and the northern 
extremity of Britain to have been its eaftern part, and 
oppolite to the north coaft of Germany ; he fuppofes 
each portion of the ifland to have derived its inhabitants 
from the inoft contiguous continent. 
“ In the interior of the ifland, Caefar mentionsa nation, 
wliich lie confiders as the Autochthones, but of thele he had 
only heard, A century later, the march of the Roman 
conquelis firft led tliem under Agricola to this unknown 
people, who manfully refifted and never wholly fubmit- 
ted to the invader. Cakdonii was the name given by the 
Latins to this newly-found people, and probably it w'as 
their domeltic appellation. The Grampian hills formed 
their favourite relort. Tacitus and Ptolemy liave pre- 
ferved the names of fome fubdivilions of thefe tribes : 
Dion Cafiius, Ixxvi. 12, alligns to them the collective 
name oi.Maiatce. Thefe were no doubt Celts, who either 
flrolled thitherat their original fettlement, or were forced 
thither by the progrefs of tlie Roman arms. The next 
century affords no farther intelligence concerning the 
inhabitants of the north, until the hidden appearance of 
the PiCts and Scots in Ammianus Marcellinus, xxvii. 8; 
the former of which names, as may be inferred from 
Claudian, was bellowed from their praiSliee of tattooing 
with blue ftains.—For the manner in which the ancient 
Britons tattooed or painted their bodies, fee the article 
England, vol. vi. p. 538. 
“ Probably the Caledonians of Scotland belong to tlie 
fame race with the Iberi, Hiflory, at lead, informs us, 
that, before the appearance of the Celts, the weft of 
Europe was inhabited by a nation of this name, which 
retired before them. Our o'ldeft accounts of the Cale¬ 
donians deferibe them as entertaining a violent antipathy 
againft the Celts, We know of the Iberi, that fome 
tribes were driven towards Spain, incorporated the Celts 
among them, and fettled in Aquitaine. If this refem- 
blance do not fubfift between the Iberians and tlie Cale¬ 
donians, the latter mull be a wholly infulated European 
tribe. A clofe comparifon of the language of the Bif- 
cayans, w'ho call themfelves Eufcaldunac, would aflift in 
deciding this queftion. The Maiat^ of the third cen¬ 
tury appear 'in the fourth divided into Attacotti and 
Scotti, the latter of which tribes has ultimately given 
its name to the northern provinces. 
“ The early native writers differ fomewhat from the 
ancients. Beda (Hift. Ecclef. i. 1.) places the Scots 
originally in Ireland, whither they are fuppofed to have 
come from Spain. The arrival of a Scythian fleet, bring¬ 
ing ftrangers in fearch of fettlement, occalioned firft a 
War and then a compromife; in virtue of which the 
Gothic ftrangers were provided with wives among the 
Scots of Ireland, and affifted by their new relations in 
feizing that part of the oppofite' ifland wliich lay to the 
north-eaft, where they became the people now called 
Highlanders.” ^ 
This account by M. Mannert is in great part well 
founded, though liable to fome objections. The three 
ftem-tribes of the Britilh nation, however vitermingled 
in all the towns, retain in tlie mountainous diftriCts their 
original pliyfiognomy and language. Thefe tribes are, 
I. The Irifli and Highland Scots, who /peak the Erfe or 
Gaelic tongue ; 2. Tlie Cumbrian or Cymbric race, who 
fpeak the'Wellh tongue; and, 3. 'Fhe Goths from the 
vicinity of Denmark, one of whofe tribes, called Angles, 
gave its name to the Englifii tongue. The denomina¬ 
tion of Celt, is often ufed vaguely, but it can with pro¬ 
priety be applied only to the firft of thefe races; and, if 
f'o reftriCted, it is evident that Ctefar never faw the Celts 
of Britain at all : his intercourfe was confined to the 
fecond race, who, like the Belgac of Gaul, had Druidifm 
for their religion, and Welfli for their language.- 'i'he 
Silures of Tacitus are probably of the firft race, as 
their phyfiognomical character agrees v.'ith that of the 
Celts: but his Caledonii, for the fame reafon, are of the 
third or Gothic race, and not, as Mannert fuppofes, 
Iberian-or Celtic : the information of Beda being correct 
that the Lowlanders are the original inhabitants of Scot¬ 
land, the antagonifts of Agricola, and the conquerors of 
Caracalla; and that the Highlanders are an Irilh colony 
of the third or fourth centuiy. 
The head lands.on the coaft of Britain were, Cantium- 
Promontorium, North Foreland ; Ocellum Prom. Spurn- 
head ; Bolerium, or Antivejlteum Prom. Land’s End ; Dam- 
nonium, vel Ocrinum, Lizard Point; Orcos, Dungfby Head. 
—Rivers: Tamefis, the Thames; Sabrina, tjie Severn; 
the Humber; Ituna, the Eden; Tuefis vel Alaunus, 
the Tweed ; Bodotria, the Forth ; Glota, the Clyde ; Taus, 
theTay; Devana, the T>ee. See the article Eng land, 
\'ol. vi. p. 534, and the Map of Ancient Britain annexed. 
Hibernia, Ireland.— Hibernia, Britannia Parva, lerne, 
Scotia, Erin, or the Country of the Weft, was inhabited by 
eighteen different tribes, whofe names it is unnecelfary 
to enumerate, as they feldom occur in hiftory; but among 
them were tribes of Scoti. —Scotorum tumules flevit gla- 
cialis lerne. Claudian. 
Their chief towns W’ere : Eblana, Dublin, with a tribe 
CciWeA Eblani. _Menapia,WfiiiorA, with a tribe called 
Menapii. —In the middle ages the Nalli occupied the cen¬ 
tre of the country, the Dalriadi were to the north-eaft, 
and the Cruthini to the north-weft. 
InsuLjE Minores.— Silures, CaJ[tterides,Hefper ides, the 
Scilly 1 (lands. The name CaJJiterideswdiS not confined to 
thofe iflands, but fometimesapplied to the Britifli Iflands 
at large. FeCIw, the Hie of Wight. Anglefea, the 
principal feat of the Druids in Britain.—Monam infulam, 
incolis validam, et perfugarum receptaculum. Tacitus. 
Monabia, Monada, and alfo Mona,the Kle of Man. Ebuda^ 
Hebudes, Hebrides, the Weftern Hies. Iona, Icolm Kill. 
Orcades, the Orkney Iflands. Thule, fuppofed to be Shet¬ 
land, Iceland, the North of Scotland, &c. Ceefarea, 
Jerfey. Sarnia, Guernfey. Arica, Sark. Riduna, Al¬ 
derney. 
Of the various tribes, fuppofed to have been about 
thirty in number, inhabiting the Roman province of 
Britain, the moft confiderable were, the Belgee to the weft, 
the Brigantes to the north, the Silures in South Wales, 
and the Iceni in Norfolk and Suffolk. This province 
was of fuch confequence to the Romans, that they main, 
tained on it one hundred and fifty military ftations, and a 
ftanding army of about thirty-fix thoufand foot, and fix 
thoufand horfe. Of the Roman roads, Watling-ftreet 
led from Rutupiie, Richborough in Kent, north-weft 
through London to Chefter; the Ermin-ftreet paffed from 
London to Lincoln, to Carlifle, and into Scotland ; the 
Foffe-way probably led from Bath and the weft of Eng¬ 
land north-eaft, till it joined the Ermin-ftreet. The 
