G E O G 1 
l ift-of thefe great roads is thouglit to liave extended from 
Norv.’icli foLitli-vveib, into Dorfetihire. From tliefe 
branclied oft'ocJicrsin various direttions, tlie remains of 
wliicli are in many parts of England ilill vifible. 
HISPANIA ANTIQUA, called alfo litfperia, from 
its weftern (ituation, and from the river Iberus called 
Iberia, or Celliberia-, comprehended both Spain and Por¬ 
tugal : 
Pyrene cel fa nimbofi verticis arce 
Divifos Celtis late profpeftat Iberos. Sil. Ital. 
ft was divided into two general parts; Hifpania Ulterior, 
Exterior, and Iii/erior j and Hifpania Citerior, Interior, or Su¬ 
perior. 
Hispama Ulterior, was divided into Ecelka and 
Lufilania. Baitica, fo n amed Aom Bertis, tlie Guadalqui- 
ver, coanprehended the provinces of Andulafia, Granada, 
part ot New Cadille, and Alentejo. Its inhabitants 
were the Bajluli or Pani, Celtici, and Turdilani. Their 
chief towns were, Coreluba, Cordovaa, the bii'th-place of 
Seneca, Lucan, and Martial. Hifpalis, Seville, tlie 
birth-place of Trajan and Adrian. Italica, Alcala del 
Rio. h'hmda, Monda, where Ctefar defeated Pompey’s 
fons. Wiberis, Elvira. Cades, Cadiz. Tarlejfus, TarilFa. 
Carteia, Calpt, Columna Heretdis, Gibraltar. Abyla, on the 
coalt of Africa, was the other pillar of Hercules. Lufi- 
tania lay between the Guadiana and the Douro. It con¬ 
tained Portugal, part of Leon, and the two Caltilles. 
It was chiefly inhabited by the Luftaui, Vettones, Celtici, 
Turdetani: 
-Profugique a gente vetufla 
Gallorum Celtas mifeentes nomen Hiberis. Lucan. 
Their chief towns were: Augujla Emerita, Merida; 
Norba Cafarea, Alcantara; Evora, or Liberalitas Julia, 
Evora; Olijippo, Lifbon, fabled to have been built by 
Ulylfes ; Coimbrica, Coimbra. 
Hispania Citerior, or Tarraconenjis, the large ft di- 
vifion of Spain, extended from the Pyrenees to the mouth 
ot the Douro, and was divided into twenty-eight diftritfts, 
being inhabited by as many tribes. The moft remark¬ 
able ot thefe w'ere the Galleeci, who gave name to Galli- 
cia ; Afures-, Carpetani-, Cantabri, the laft nation in Spain 
which yielded to the Roman arms.—Cantabrum indoflum 
juga ferre noftra. Horace. —They gave the name of Oceamis 
Cantabricus to the Bayof Bil'cay; Celtiberi-, VaJ'cones-, Concani, 
a people of favage manners; Ilergetes-, Aufetani. —Their 
chief towns were: Tarraco, Tarragona; Barcino, Barce¬ 
lona ; Emparia, Ampurias; Gerunda, Girona ; Rhoda, Ro- 
fas; Ofca, Hpefcar; Ilerda, Lerida, where Crefar reduced 
Afranius and Petreius; Dertofa, Tortofa; Saguntum, 
Morviedro ; the occafion of the fecond Punic war : 
Nec pavet hie populus pro libertate fubire, 
ObfetTum Paeno geftit quodMarte Saguntum. Lucan. 
Valentia, Valentia ; Carthago Nova, Carthagena; Cajar Au~ 
gujla, Saragofa; Julia Celjd, Xella; Pompeiopolis, Pampe- 
luna ; Numantia, which ftood a fourteen years fiege againft 
the Romans:—Noviflime, maximo duce opprefla civi- 
tas, nullum de fe gaudium hofti reliquit. Triuniphus 
fuit tantum de nomine. Floras. — Calagurris, Calahorra; 
which underwent a fevere famine in the Sertorian war. 
Toletum, ToXodo-, Segovia; famous for its aque- 
du6l ; AJlurica, Aftorga; Calte, Oporto, 
Auguftus diftributed Spain into the three provinces of 
l.ufitania, Bcetica, and Tarraconenjis. It was afterwards 
divided into fourteen Juridici Conventus, or Jurifdiftions. 
Of thefe, Bcetica contained four, Lujitania three, Tarraco- 
nenfis feven. Under the later emperors it was divided 
into thefe feven provinces, i . Bcetica-, chief town Seville. 
3. Lufitania', chief town Augujla Emerita, Merida. 
3, Gahecia-, chief town Braga. 4. Tar- 
raco/zen/Ts; chief town Tarraco, Tarragona. 5. Carthagi. 
nienfis ; chief town Carthago Nova, Carthagena. 6. hijula, 
Majorca, Minorca, &c. 7. Mauretania, and Tingitana, 
now Fez and Morocco in Africa, including alfo Cadiz in 
L A P H Y. 371 
Spain, The chief town, taking its name from a cogno- 
minal people, Tingi, Tangier. 
Rivers.— Minius, the Minlto ; Durius, Douro; Tastes, 
Tajo; Anas, Guadiana; Balis, Cniadalquiver; Sucro, 
Xucar; Turtas, Guadalaviar; Iberus, Ebro; 5 /com, Segre ; 
Rubricatus, Lobregat; Sambroca, 'I'er. 
Islands on the Coasts of Spain. — InfuheBakares, 
or Gymneftic, containedMv/erfo, and Minorca. lufulie Pi- 
tyufee, contained Ehufus, Yvica; and OMA/a, Formentara. 
Capes. Pyreneeum, AphrodiJam five Veneris Promontoriurn, 
Cape de Creus. Charidemum Pronwnioi ium. Cape de 
Gates. Calpe Prom Gib;altar Rock. Sacrum Prom. 
Cape St. Vincent. Barharium Prom. Cape d’Efi'.ichel. 
l.unie Prom. Cape de Mandego. Artabrum Celticwn, feu 
Ncrium Prom. Cape Finifterre. 
Concerning the ancient lifftory of Spain, we feleft the 
following account from Mannert :—“ The name of 
Spain is probably of Phoenician origin. The Romans' 
borrowed it from the Carthaginians, through whom they 
firft became acquainted with the country. . The Greeks 
every where call it Iberia, without attaching always the 
fame idea to the denomination. The elder Greeks, till 
the period of the Achaean league, and of their clofer ac¬ 
quaintance with Roman alFairs, underftand by it the 
whole fea-coaft from the columns of Hercules to the 
mouth of the Rhine : becatife, throughout this diftridt, 
the Iberi were to be found, fometimes apart, I'ometimes 
mingled with Ligurians. The river Ebro has its name' 
from them. The fea-coaft beyond the pillars they 
called TartelTis. The interior of the country went long 
without a name among the inhabitants, becaufe each na¬ 
tion confidered itfelf asa whole, and lived nearly uncon¬ 
nected with its neighbours. Among tlie Greeks, it ob¬ 
tained the vague name of Kelrica; which was alfo applied 
to the whole north-weft of Europe. Time altered thefe 
ideas, and the latter Greeks appropriated the name Iberia 
to the fame country which the Romans called Hifpania. 
Even this laft name the Greeks occafionally ufe, but un¬ 
derftand by it the region between the Pyrenees and the 
Iber or Ebro. Not till the fecond or third century was 
the Latin name fully received into the Greek tongue, al¬ 
though earlier inftances occur. Hefperia or the wef coun¬ 
try, is a common name among the Greek poets both for 
Italy and Spain; for the latter, with the occafional epi¬ 
thet ultima. 
“ Hiftory mentions as the moft ancient fettled inhabi¬ 
tants of the country in the weftern parts, the Kynetae ; 
and on the fouthern coaft, the Tartellians beyond, and 
the Iberians within, the pillars of Hercules. Part of 
the latter, between the Pyrenees and the Ebro, were 
known by the name ofigletx'. Herodotus learned thefe 
names from the Phocteans ; lb that our firft notices of the 
country reach back to the times of the early Perfian 
kings. The fable of Lufus and Pan, generals of Bacchus, 
is faid to have given the names to Lufitania and Hifpania. 
Herodotus alfo notices other intruded tribes, the Phoe¬ 
nicians who had colonized the coafts, and the Celts who 
had wandered into the interior. Thefe dwell lefs weft- 
ward than the Kynetae, and probably in the fame regions 
in which we find them at a later period ; and thefe were 
probably the only Celts or Kelts of whom the Phocasans 
had experimental knowledge ; which occafions Herodo¬ 
tus to place erronebully among them a city, Pyrene, near 
to which he fuppofes the Danube to rife. 
“ Whether the Phoenicians or the Kelts were the earlier 
intruders cannot be afeertained. Both their immigra¬ 
tions precede the beginning of authentic hiftory. The 
building of Gadeir, their chief fea-poVt, by the Phoeni¬ 
cians, is placed foon after the Trojan war. The intru- 
fion of the Kelts- lofes itfelf in the mill of antiquity. 
Later hiftory mentions them to have come from beyond 
the Pyrenees, to have waged long wars with the Iberi, 
and finally to have melted into one nation; which, under 
the name of Keltiberi, polTefled a confiderable trabl of 
land in the fouth, and was noted for its bravery during 
the war's between the Carthaginians and the Romans. 
The 
