GEOGRAPHY. 
373 
of their being of Thra.cian race, whofe Afiatic origin is 
certain. If the Thracians be one race with the Paconi- 
ans and Illyrians, the Kelts muft not be derived from 
the Thracians ; for tlie Romans confiantly difcriminate 
between the language and warfare of Kelts and Illyrians. 
TIuicydides alfo noiices the Paeonians in this file. 
“ Perhaps, in elder periods, they had extended their 
feats farther north into the Danube, and were comprelTed 
in the fouthern mountains by the Kelts; who overflowed 
at one period the v/hole fouth of flungary. Certain it 
is that the Romans found towns of the Pannonians only 
about the Save: but, when the Kelts were repulfed, 
and the plains emptied, the Pannonians began to mi¬ 
grate from their mountains into the champaign, and to 
extend their habitations to the Danube. At this period, 
probably under Claudius, Pannonia obtained its confti- 
tution and boundary as a Roman province; although 
fortrefles had long before been railed along the river. 
The original diftrift of the Pannonians materially dif¬ 
fers, it Ihould be remembered, from the Roman province 
of Pannonia. 
“ Dion Caflius, himfelf a governor of Upper Panno¬ 
nia, blames the Greeks for confounding the Pnsonians 
near Macedon with the Pannonians near the Danube : 
but, as he fupports his opinions on flight grounds, and 
would derive the name Pannonia from pannis, (the ma¬ 
terial of tlicir large fleeves,) it feems more rational to 
reject his notion, trulting rather to Strabo, Velleius, 
and Appian, who place the Pasonians and Pannonians all 
along thefe mountains. His error is natural enough to 
one wlio firll knew the Pannonians in modern flungary, 
in a tutored agricultural (late, and had only heard of 
the rude Pajonians of Macedon; between which na¬ 
tions, much of Illyria and Moefia feemed to interpofe.” 
GRACIA ANTIQI 7 A.—This celebrated country 
was called Gracia, and Hellas ■, the people Danai, Pclafgi, 
Argivi, Achivi, Grad, and lones. The general boundaries 
of it were, niyricum'j.n(X Mccfia, to the north ; the Ionian 
Sea to the weft; the Cretan, fouth; and the TEgean, 
eaft.— H a'lra.Ta, o^i^erai. Stral>o.~-~l\i 
confifted of Regnum Macedonicum, the kingdom of Mace¬ 
don, and Gracia Vera, Greece Proper. The kingdom of 
Macedon confifted, in Philip’s time, of Macedon, Thcf- 
laly, Epirus, and i hrace. 
Macedonia, —more am iently called Paonia, and r£- 
moma, was bounded by Illyricum, Thrace, Dardania, and 
TheJJ'aly. It was divided into four parts: i. Edonis, the 
rhiel towns of which were Crenides or Philippi, famous for 
its plains, Philippici Campi ■, Amphipolis or Novem Via, Jam- 
boli. The chief i iver of this part was the Strymon, which 
anciently divided Macedonia from Thrace. It runs into 
Sinus Strymonicus, the Gulf of Contefla. 
The principal countries of the Second Divifion were, 
Mi^donia and Paonia, fometimes called Pdagonia. The 
chict towns were : Tlurma or Theffalonica, Salonichi; Stobi, 
Starachino; Apollonia, Polini; Stagira, Stauros, thebirth- 
pilace of Ariftotle; Chalcis, Potidaa, the catife, or the 
pretence, of the Peloponnefian war ; Olyntkus, one copious 
fubiecd for Demolihenes’s Orations againlt Philip, &c. 
The principal rivers were : Axius, the Vardari, and Eche- 
dorus, which run into the Sinus Thermaicus •, Chabrius, w hich 
runs into Sinus Singiticus. —In this divifion was At/ios Mans, 
Mount Athos ; the peninfula which joins it to the main 
land was cut through by Xerxes. It is now called Monte 
Santo, from the number of monafteries on it. 
The principal countries of the Third Divifion were, 
Enathia or Macedonia Propria, and Pieria. The chief towns 
were; Pella, (lie birtlt-place of Philip and Alexander, 
and capital of the kingdom ; A\ge or Edejfa, Vadena, the 
burying-place of the kings of Macedon ; Pydna or Citron, 
Metkone, Coronaa, Beraa, Diuni, Dehorus. —The rivers, Eri- 
gonuf, the Veftrizza, running into the Axius ; Aliaenwn, 
fhe Pelacas, running into the Sinus Thermaicus. —d'he 
jnountuins, Cambunii Montes, Olympus, fabled to have been 
Heaven, cm account of its height ; Pieris, the haunt of 
the Mufes, between Macedon and Theffaly. 
The Fourth Divifion, now called Albania, was chiefly 
inhabited by the Parthini, Albani, and Taulantii. —Their 
chief towns were: Albanopolis, Albafano; Epidamnus, after¬ 
wards more aufpicioufly called Dyrracliium, now Durazzo, 
the correfponding port to ; Xa/oa, Veiona ; Ely. 
via, Canini.—The rivers : Two rivers of the name of 
Drilo or Drinus, Drino ; Naro, Narenta; Genufus, Arzenza; 
Apjus or Thapfvs, Spirnazo ; Aous or Alorus, Polina; Ce- 
lidnus, Salnich. 
Gulfs of Macedon.— Sinus Strimonicus, Gulf of Contefla, 
to the north, and Sinus Singiticus, Gulf of Monte Santo, 
to the fouth, of Mount Athos ; Toronaicus Sinus, Gulf of 
Caffandria, to the north, and Thermaicus Sinus, Gulf of 
Salonichi, to the fouth, of the Peninfula of Pallene or 
Phlegra, famous for the fables of the Gigantomachia.— 
Clickv ot yr/asrst;, efivc; esai^e; y.ai a.iio[xo's, 
if; HgaaAij; Strabo. 
Iflands.— Scyros, Skyro, for fome time the abode of 
Achilles, and the feat ofThefeus’s exile; Alonefus, Pe- 
lagnafi ; Peparethos, Piperi; Lemnos, facred to Vulcan, 
Stalimene.—Hoc Pater TEoliis properat dum Lemnius 
oris. Virgil. 
irHESSALY, was bounded by tlie Sinus Thermaicus, and 
the mountains Olympus, Stympha, and Oeta, The Peneus 
runs through it from weft to eaft. On its banks lay the 
Vale of Tempe. Tire principal rivers it receives are, 
Apidanus, the Epideno ; and Enipeus, Salampria. 
Theflaly was divided into various countries; MagneJIa, 
Phthiotis, Pdajgiolis, TheJJ'aliolis, Perrhabia, and Dolopia, 
The chief towns were ; Magnejia, Gomphi, Tricca, Joannina, 
Mendais, Pharjalv.s, on the plains ofwliich Ctefar defeated 
Pompey, now PJiarfa '; Demetrias, Theba Phthiotica, lolcoS) 
Apheta, Pagaja, from which the Argo failed : 
Namque fenint olim Pagafre navalibus Argo 
Egreffam longe Pliafidos ifl'e viam. Propejl. 
Several of tliefe cities ftood on Sinus Pagafaus vel Pe- 
lafgicus, the Gulf of Volo; Larijfa, the cliief towm of 
Phthiotis, the country of Acliilles and the Myrnridons ; 
Thaumaci, Trachys, Lamia: not far from this laft place 
runs the river Spcrchius, now Agriomela, which dif- 
charges itfelf into- Sinus Maliachus, the Gulf of Zeiton, 
A little to the fouth are the Straits oi Thermopyla. 
Epirus, was chiefly bounded by Acroceraunii Montes^ 
to the north, and Pindus, to the fouth. The principal 
divifions of it were, Cliacnia, Thefprotia, Mclq/Jis, and Acar. 
nania. The chief towns: Oricuin, to the north of Acro- 
ceraunia, Valona or Ore ha; Ckimara, Cliimtcra; Dodona, 
famous for its prophetic oaks and cauldron.—Ore Jovis 
Dodona fonet. Lucan. — Panornius, Palormi ; Buthrotum, 
Butrinto; Argos Amphilochium, Filoquia; Ambracia, i’Ar- 
ta ; laucas, Aclium, famous for the defeat of Anthony, 
Figalo. It has a bay, called Arnbracius Sinus, Golfo de 
I’Arta. 
Rivers.— Acheron, flowing from the Lake Aphertifia, 
and joined by Cocytus, infenlal ftreams in mythology; 
perhaps common names for fetid peftilential ftreams, 
being applied to fome ifich in Italy and elfevvhere, 
Ackdoiis, Afpropotamo, which divides Acarnania from 
jEtolia. 
Mountains.— Cerauni or Acrocerauni, Monti della Chi- 
masra; Pindus, Monte Mezzovo. This range of moun¬ 
tains runs between Epirus, Tlielfaly, Macedonia, and 
Greece Proper. It lias different names in dift'erent conn- 
tries; as Tymphe or Stymphe, Pdion, Otkrys, Oeta, &c. 
Thrace, now Romania, (though this name is ap¬ 
plied by the Turks to all Greece,) was bounded, at fit ft, 
by the Strymon, afterwards by the Nejfus, on the lide of 
Macedon ; nay by fome it is tiiought at an early period 
to iiave included all the country to the north of the 
Ifllimiis of Corinth ; and on tiie otlier fides by the ZEgean 
Sea, Propontis, Euxine, and Mount Hanius, whiciCIepa- 
rates 
