GEOGRAPHY. 
thius and Cvnthia, from Cynthus, a mountain on the ifland ; 
Paros, famous for its marble, Paro; Oliarus, Anti-Paro; 
Naxos, fI nous for its wines, Nicfia ; Ceos, Myconus, Andros, 
Melos, Gyartis, See. 
- The Sporades Illands are about forty in number, fcat- 
tered chiefly over the Eaflern part of the ^gcan Sea, 
and commonly reckoned as belonging to Afia, though 
feveral of tiiem are on the European fide of the Archi¬ 
pelago, as Amorpus, and Thera. The chief of the others 
were Icaria, w hich gave name to the Icarian Sea, Nica- 
rifla ; and Patmus, PalmolFa. 
In the Sinus Saronicus, the Gulf of Engia, were Mgina, 
the country of j£acus, and for fome time the rival of 
Athens, now Engia | Salamis, Coluri, famous for the de¬ 
feat of the Perfian fleet by Themiftocles. 
Euboea, Negropont, was parted from Besotia by the 
Euripus, lometimes denominated Clialcidicus and Euboiais, 
the Straits of Negropont, remarkable for the irregula¬ 
rity of its tides, which are faid to ebb and flow there 
feven times a-day.—o pev 2i>ci?iiKo;, S't;' b 
S'ly.o;, ewTasK*;" e os xxtx Bv^xuriov, oAw? orfltAii'orEi. Strabo- 
Its chief towns were C/ialds, Negropont, and Eretria. 
—Aulidaque Euboicam couiplerunt mille carinae. Ovid. 
_ ITALIA ANTIQUA.—This fertile country wms an¬ 
ciently called alfo Saturnia, Latium, Tyrrhenia, Magna 
Gracia, Aufonia, /Enotria\ and as it lay to the Welt of 
the Greeks, it was by them calligd Hefperia. It was 
bounded to the North by the Alps, and the rivers Varus, 
the Var, and Arfia, the Arfa, w’hich feparated it from 
Tranfalpine Gaul, Rhastia, Vindelicia, and Noricum ; 
to the Eafl by the Adriatic; and to the Weft and South 
by the Mediterranean; being interfered from North to 
South by the Apennine :—Opn (AA^ris) bb 
vefUKBirxt xai /r^t<oBC?ir,Tix$ iTocAiaj. Herodian, 
it may be divided into three principal parts— Gallia 
Cifalpina, Italia Propria, and Magna Gracia. 
Gallia Cisalpina took its name from the Celtic na¬ 
tions which here eftabliflied themfelves, was alfo called 
Inter Alpes, Suhalpina, Citerior, and Togata, after the iriha- 
bitants were admitted to the right of Roman citizens. It 
was bounded by the Alps to the North ; by the x'wtv Aipfia 
and the Adriatic to the Eaft; Sinus Ligujlicus, the Gulf 
of Genoa, to the Weft; and the rivers Macra and Rubi¬ 
con to the South ; the latter of which was the famous 
boundary of Italy and Gaul, now Fiumicino. It was 
divided by Padus, the Po, into Gallia Tranfpadana to the 
north, and Cijpadana to the fouth, of that river. 
Of the principal tribes of Gallia Tranfpadana, the Li- 
gures inhabited between the Macra and the Var. Thofe 
on the coaft were called Capellati, the others were Mon- 
tam. Their chief towns were: Genua, Genoa; Clajii- 
dium, Dertona, Tortona; Statiella, Albium Intemelium, Ven- 
timille; Albingaunum, Albenga; Portus Herculis Monceci, 
Monaco; Kicaa, Nice. 
The Segujlni, inhabited the country called Regna Ide- 
enni et Cottii, part of Piedmont and Dauphiny. Their 
chief towns were : Segufia, Suza; Brigantium Vicus, Bri- 
anpon ; Ocellum, Exilles. 
In this diftrief were Graius Mans, or Cremonis lugum. 
Little St. Bernard ; Cinefius, or Cinereus Mans, Mount Ce- 
nis; ihe Alpes Cottia, Sec. And the river Durentia, the 
Durance. 
The Taurini, SalaJJi, and Lepontii, alfo inhabited Pied, 
mont. Their chief towns were: Augtijla Taurinorum, 
Turin; Auoujla Pratoria, Aouft; Pollentia, Pollenza. 
The Infubres and Orobii, inhabited the Milancfe. In 
their country were the Raudii Campi, famous for the vic¬ 
tory gained by Marius over the Cimbri: 
-Ad Cimbros ftragemque volabant 
Qui nunquam attigerant majora eadavera Corvi. Juv. 
—Chief towns were: :■ Mediolanum, Milan; Ticinum, Pa- 
via, which gave name to the river Ticinus, tiie Telfin ; 
t>n which Hannibal’s firft attion with the Romans took 
place, Laus Fompeia^ Lodi j and Bergomum, Bergaiuo. 
379, 
The Cenomanni, inhabited part of the Cremonefe, Ve- 
ronefe, Mantuan, &c. Brixia, Brefci.i ; Mantua, at a vil¬ 
lage near which, called Andes, Virgil was boui ; Cremona, 
where he was educated ; Bedriacum, famous for the de¬ 
feat of Galba by Otho, and of Otho by Vitellius’s ge¬ 
nerals ; and Verona, for its amphitheatre. 
The Euganei, inhabited part of the Frentin, BrelTan, 
and Valteline. Their chief towns were : Anaunia, 
Clavenna, Chiavenna.-—In this country was Benacus Laous, 
the Lake of Garda ; Larius Locus, the Lake of Como ; 
Smnmus Lacus, the Lake of Chiavenna: 
Addc Lacus tantos, te Lari maxime, teque 
Fludtibus et fremitii aflTurgens, Benacc,.Marino. Virgil.' 
Pars Rhatia, contained Tridentum, Trent, and Feltrla, 
Feltra. 
The Vencti, Garni, and IJlri, inhabited the Venetian ter¬ 
ritories, Goritz, and a part of Illria. The chief towns 
of the Veneti were : Patavium, Padua, tlie birth-place of 
the hiftorian Livy; Adria, Adri, wluch gave name to 
Mare Adriaticum, the Gulf of Venice:—of the Garnii 
Acjuikia, Aquilea, famous for its refiftance to Attila king 
of the Huns ; Forum Julii, Friuli; Tergejte, wlv.ch (fAxe:' 
name to the Sinus Tergejlinus, Triefte:—of the Ijiri-,. 
Pola, Pola; Parentium, Parenzi; and jEgida, Cabo di 1 ftri'a. 
Rivers: Eridanus, or Padus, the Po ; Addua, the Adda; 
Oglius, the Oglio ; Athejis, the Adige; Medoacus Major,. 
the Brenta ; Timavus, the Timavo, 
Gallia Cifpadana. —-The principal tribes of Gallia Cifpa- 
dana were : the Anamani, Boii, Lingones, and Senoncs, tribes 
from Tranfalpine Gaul, who fucceflively fettled in dif¬ 
ferent diftricis of this country. Tiie Flaminian and 
Aiinilian roads palling through it, gave their names ta 
it in a fiibfeqiient period. The chief towns of tlie Anct- 
mani were Placentia, Piacenza:—of the Boii, Parma: be¬ 
tween Placentia and Parma was a canal, called Fojfa, 
rEmilia: Brixellum, Brifcello ; Mutina, wliere Brutus was 
befieged by Marc Antony, Modena; Forum Lepidi, Rez- 
zo ; Botionia, Bologna :—of the Lingones, Forum Corndil, 
Imola; Faventia, Faenza ;■—of tlie ; Ravenna Um- 
brorum, Ravenna,, the relidence of tiie exarchs, and of 
fome of the emperors ; Forum Livii, Forli Forumpopiliif 
Forimpopoli : 
Sit Cifterna mihi quam vinea malo Ravenna;, 
Cum poflim multo vendere pluris aquam. Martial. 
Rivers : Trebbia, Trebbia, famous for Hannibal’s vic¬ 
tory over the Romans commanded by L. Sempronius ; 
Adria, Larcha; Rhenus Parvus, the Reno ; Turns, tiie 
Taro ; Rubicon, already mentioned. 
Italia Profria, was bounded to the North by 
Gallia Cifalpina,. and to the South by Magna Gracia. It 
extended along the Mediterranean from the Macra to 
the Silariis, now the Silaro, and on the Adriatic from 
Ancona to the Frento, now Fortore. The principal di- 
vifions of it were : Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Sabinia/, La¬ 
tium, Saninium, and Campania. 
I. Etruria, or Tufeia, called by the Greeks Tyrrhenia, 
was bounded by the Mare Irfcruni, the Apennines, tlie 
Macra, and the Tiber. It was divided into Tufeia trans 
Arnum, between the Magra and the Arno, and Tifcia cis 
Arnum, between the Arno and the Tiber. The chict 
towns of Etruria trans Arnum were: Lama, I.uca,. Lucca ; 
Pijioria, P.ftoia. '1 he principal people of this diftriit 
were : the Apuani Figures, and the Magelli. — Tufeia cis 
Arnum was inhabited by twelve tribes, who took their 
names from their principal cities,.and whole chiefs were 
named Luiumones. 
On the Arno were Pfs, Plfa ; Florentia-'or Fluentia, Flo- 
rence ; Arretium, Arrezzo ; Cortona and Perujla, Perugia, 
vvere near Lacus Tkrajimenus, the Lake of Perugia, where 
Flaminius was overthrown by tlannibal; Sena Julia, Si¬ 
enna;: Volaterrce, Volterra, noted for its hot I'prings ; 
Herculis Liburni Portus, Leghorn; Vetulonii, from which,, 
the Rynuns borrowed the badges of theh' magiftrates; 
