GEOGRAPHY. 
gree of latitude, but more to tlie nortli tliaii the .Bau- 
tifus. Tills latter arm is undoubtedly the Erzineh, 
^vi•lich lofes itfelf inti'.e defert of Sohuk, or in the lake 
i^opu. 'I'iie eaftern dream can hardly be any other than 
liic river Ongiien ; tvh.ich, like the Erzineh, never min. 
gies with the main dream, but in a manner approaches 
it. Ptolemy, it fliould feem, had two accounts before 
him: anintervening diftribt was unknown to both his 
travellers : it was only from probability that he con- 
dubled their feveral rivers into the great one. The 
main-rtream, Oichardes, then, muft be tiie Selenga; 
which, according to tlie geographer, takes a loutherly 
diredlion. 
Secondly, the Bautifus (or, according to the edition 
of Eralmus, the Bautes) has its fource in the north by 
the Kafian mountains on the borders of Serica in the 
43d degree of latitude. It bends fouth-eafl; towards 
t!ie Emodian hiils for four degrees, when it receives a 
fecond arm thence defcending. In their farther pro- 
grefs, they bend towards the mountain Ottorokorra, 
and pafs into an eaftern unknown country. The Hoang- 
ho, or Yellow river, can fcarcely be more clearly de- 
fcribed from mere reports. Its northern arm Olanmii- 
ren arifes in Kofhotey, near to the defert of Kobi, and 
from the fame mountains as the Erzineh. Its courie is 
iouth-eaftiward, wlien it receives a fouthern branch Ha- 
ramuren; wh.icli, from the mountains of Thibet, takes 
a crooked nortii-eaft courfe. Of its northern bend Pto¬ 
lemy fays nothing; but he appears to pre-fuppofe it, 
as he alfumes another bend to the eaftj which, if he 
fuppofed tlie dream to How ftraight, would be needlefs. 
The rivers P/itaras, Cambari, and Lanos, which Pliny 
aliigns to th.e Seres, probably belong not here, but to 
the Indian coall eall of the Ganges. 
The people of Serica w'ere divided into the Amthro- 
pophagi (or, according to Ammianus, xxiii. 6, Alitio- 
phagi) ot tlie north, and the Annibi, who dwelt conti¬ 
guous to thefe. Between tlie latter and the Afzak. 
mountains are the Sifyges. The Cannibals are placed 
in the north of §iberia, of which nothing was known ; 
of the otlier two, who feem to have dwelt near the lea 
ot Baikal, he may have heard. Above the Oichardes 
are the Damna; and the Piadse, and near to the river the 
Oichaj'das, Again, in the north, but eaft: of the Anni¬ 
bi, were fituated the Garenaji and Rabanei; probably 
among the Mongols of Kalkas : for, immediately below 
them, occurs the diftrict Afmirsea at the foot of the 
mountains fo named. Below thefe extends to the Ka¬ 
ftan mountain the great nation of the Ilfedones. There 
can be no doubt that, by this name, Herodotus meant 
Mongols. Befide them are Tiiroani,-near a town of this 
nau\e ; and below them, on the eaft, Thagufi. Farther 
to the north-eaft, Dahuri. Among the Ilfedones dwell 
Afpakaras, who have their name from a city. Near 
thefe, tlie Battas ; and the moll foutherly are the Otto- 
karrae mountaineers. Thofe -three nations occupy tlie 
province of Shien-li; Ptolemy knew nothing of the more 
eafterly parts. 
The cities of Serica were Damna, at the weftern end 
of the Oichardes, and at foine diftance northward from 
tlie river : Piada, on the fouthern bend of the Selenga, 
here called the Itfcha : Afmirtea, near the mountains 
fo named : Throana, on the eaft lide of the Onghen, in 
the region in which the ruins of Karakorum, once the 
tnetropolisof theMoiigul fovereigns, are ufually fought. 
The tribes above-mentioned are probably named trom 
thefe towns. 
llfedon Serica is contradiftinguilhed from Iffedon Scy- 
tliica, w’hich lay more to the north-weft. This Chinefe 
town, which Ptolemy names after the great nation of 
the Ilfedones, was fituated north-eaft from the fource of 
the Erzineh, and conlequently on tlie borders of the de¬ 
fert of Shanio : lie places, in fa6l, no town beyond it. 
Afpakara, which gives name to a tribe, lay near to the 
*ortliera BautifiiSj and euftward from its fource j on the 
Olanmuren river, therefore, and probably in Koftiofcy. 
Rhofoche lay much farther eaft in the fame latitude. 
Paliana and Abragana were both on the banks of the 
nortiiern Bautifusand in Koftiotey. Togaraand Daxata 
were both in the middle of the province Shien-fi, and 
probably near the Hoa-ho ; for all thefe places were in 
a fouth-eaft line towards the bend of the Bautifus, and 
towards Sera, the metropolis. Grofana lay near the 
fource of the Ibuthern Bautifus, or the Haraiiiuren. 
Ottorakorra along the courfe of the fame river near its 
eafterly bend, and to the north of the diftridt to which 
and to vvhofe inhabitants it gives its name. Solana was 
more eaftward. 
Sera, the capital, was at fome diftance from the fouth 
bend of the Bautifus. If Ptolemy means, by this fouth 
ex-TfOB-/), the contiguous river Hoa-ho, this Sera can be 
no other than Singan-fu, which is at fome diftance from 
its fouthern evolution : but, if he knew of the bow of 
the Hoang-ho, it muft be placed more eaftward, at Ho¬ 
nan. The firft feenis to me more probable, as Ptolemy 
appears ignorant of the eaftern courfe of the river, and 
may well have miftaken a part of the Hoa-ho for a con¬ 
tinuation of the Bautifus; and alfo as Signan-fu is 
named as a former metropolis of the north-weft parts of 
China. Sera was the eafternmoft refort of the merchants; 
and beyond it Ptolemy knows nothing.—See the article 
China, with the Map, vol. iv. p. 435. 
The Middle part of Afia comprehended Ajia Minor, 
Armenia, Syria, Arabia, and the Perfian or Parthian Em¬ 
pire.— Ajia Minor, maybe divided into three parts, each 
containing; four principal countries. The Northern part, 
towards the Propontis and Euxine, conta ned Myjia, Bi~ 
thynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. The Intermediate part; 
Lydia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Cappadocia. The Southern 
part, towaros the Mediterranean; Caria, Lycia, Pamphy. 
Ha, and Cilicia. 
Northern Division.—Mysia lay between the 
Propontis and the .^Egean Sea, Bithynia and Lydia. Part 
of it, from the ftraii on which it bordered, was called 
liellrfpontus. It was alfo divided into Ma/er and Minor-, 
the former on the Aigean Sea, and the latter towards 
the Propontis and Hellefpont. Troas, or the kingdom 
of Troy, may be confidered as part of Myfia, contain¬ 
ing Ilium or Troja. 
The Rivers Simois, and Xantlnis or Scamander, however 
ennobled by Homer, have not now a name. They are 
fmall ftreams, which have but a Ihort courfe from Mount 
Ida to the fea. 
This country was alfo fometimes called Phrygia Minor, 
to diftinguilh it from the Greater Phrygia. On the 
Thymbris, a ftream which runs into the Scamander, ftood 
Thymbra, famous for the temple of Apollo, called from 
it Jhymbraus, in which Achilles was ftain.—The city of 
Dardanus, which gave the name of Dardania to a diftricl 
of Troas, and from which the Dardanelles derive their 
name, no longer exifts. The ruins which now bear the 
name of Troy, are the remains of Alexandria-Troas -. 
Jacet ingens littore truncus, 
Avulfumque humeris caput, et line nomine corpus. Virg. 
Abydus, the ruins of which are near the caftle of the 
Dardanelles on the Afiatic lide : near this was the bridge 
thrown over by Xerxes. Lampfacus, Lampf'.k:.—Euro- 
pamque -Xfias, Seftonque admovit Abydo. Lucan. 
Towards the Propontis, were Barium, Camanar ; Pria.. - 
pus, Caraboa, near which are the rivers 'jEJepus, the Spiga, 
and Granicus, the Oufvola, famous for the victory gained 
in pairing it by Alexander, and for the defeat ot Mith- 
ridatesby LucuUus. Thefe ftreams alfo take their rife in 
Mount Ida, the highefl lummit of which was Gargarus. 
Alfo Cyzicus, Chyzico, a city of fuch confequence, as to 
Hand a liege againlt ail the force of Mithridates; nettr 
Rhyndacus or Lycus, the Artacho, empties itfelf into the 
Propontis. This river formed the boundary between 
MyjiaBithynia, 
