GEOGRAPHY. 
39'4 
probably exceed eigbt thoufand. Its coaft has been 
long famous for the whale fifhery. 
Eaft Greenland, or Spitlburgenj and Weft Green¬ 
land, are fiippofed to be a continuation of the fame 
country; but this fa6f cannot be determined until their 
boundaries towards tlie north pole lhall have been af- 
certained ; which will probably never happen, on ac¬ 
count of the impoflibility of navigating the frozen ocean. 
Iceland. —This frozen ifland is likewife under the 
dominion of Denmark. It is fituated in the North At¬ 
lantic Ocean, betv/een Norway and Scotland, lying be¬ 
tween fixty-three and fixty^-eight degrees of north lati¬ 
tude, and between fifteen and twenty-five degrees of 
eaft longitude. The extent of it may be about one 
hundred thoufand fquare miles, and tlie number of in¬ 
habitants is eftimated at from fixty to feventy thoufand. 
This illand is celebrated for the volcano of mount Hecla. 
Sweden. —The kingdom of Sweden is fituated at the 
north of Europe, and is of very con'iderable extent, 
reaching from the fouthern promontory of Scone, to 
the northern extremity of Swedifli Lapland, more than 
eleven hundred Britifh miles in length ; and from the 
Norw^egian Alps to the Ruffian dominions, about fix 
hundred miles in breadth. The country is included 
between fifty-five and feventy degrees of north latitude, 
and between the twelfth and thirty-fecond degrees of 
longitude eaft from Greenwich. It is bounded by tlie 
Baltic Sea, the Sound, and the Scaggarac, on the fouth ; 
by the mountains of Norway on the weft ; by Norwe¬ 
gian Lapland on the north, and by Ruffia on the eaft. 
The extent of Sv/eden has been computed at more than 
two hundred thoufand fquare miles; and the number 
cf inhabitants has been eftimated at nearly three millions. 
This kingdom, including the greateft part of ancient 
Scandinavia, is divided into Sweden Proper, Gothland, 
Finland, Swediffi Lapland, aad the Swedifh illands. 
The chief tov/ns are Stockholm, the capital, which 
Hands on feven rocky illands, united by wooden bridges ; 
Uplal, famous for its univerfity ; Gothenburg, in Goth¬ 
land ; Tornea, in Lapland; and Abo, in Finland. 
The chief wealth of this country arifes from its mines 
of filver, copper, lead, and iron. The mines are very 
fpacious, afford commodious habitations for numerous 
families, and feem to form a fubterraneous world. 
Sweden is a mountainous country, and is celebrated 
for the number and extent of its lakes ; its rivers are 
juimerous, but not navigable: almoft all of them rife 
from the mountains in Norway. Its iflands, about the 
lakes and gulfs on the coaft of the Baltic, are fo numer¬ 
ous, that feveral thoufands of them are reckoned to be 
inhabited, and the reft are defert rocks. In the Baltic 
Sea there are no tides; and a current is always running 
into the German ocean. 
Russia.-— The Ruffian empire is perhaps the moft 
extenfive that ever exifted : the length is computed at 
more than nine thoufand miles, and the breadth at two 
thoufand four hundred. It is fituated partly in Europe, 
and partly in Afia. European Ruffia extends from 
forty-four degrees, to nearly fixty-nine degrees north 
latitude, and from twenty-three degrees to fixty-eight 
degrees eaft longitude. It is bounded by the Frozen 
Ocean on the north, by Afiatic Ruffia on the eaft, Tar- 
*ary and Turkey on the fouth, and the dominions of 
Sweden, Auftria, and Pruftia, on the weft. The ex¬ 
tent of furface of European Ruffia is reckoned at nearly 
a million and a quarter of fquare miles, and the popula¬ 
tion is eftimated at thirty-three millions. 
By the partition of Poland, in 1772 and 1793, Ruffia 
acquired two-thirds of that country, and about fix mil¬ 
lions of fubjefts. In foine parts of Ruffia the climate 
is fo fevere, that icicles are frequently feen hanging to 
the eye-lalhes, and the drivers of carriages are often 
feund frozen to death on their feats, I he principal 
towns are Peterfb'uVgh, the capital, on the Gulf of FiiV- 
land; Mofeow; Archangel, on the borders of the' 
White Sea ; Cherfon, on the Black Sea ; Aftrachan, 
near the Cafpian; and Tobollk, the capital of Siberia. 
Peterfburgh, built fince 1700, contains about 150,000 
inhabitants'. The principal lakes are Ladoga and Onega. 
Ruffia is moftly a level country ; from Peterfburgh to 
Pekin in China there is fcarcely a hill ; the fame may 
be faid of the road from Peteilbargh to the north pf 
France. The principal rivers are the Wolga, which, 
after winding a courfe of three thoufand miles, dif- 
charges itfelf into the Cafpian Sea by more than feventy 
mouths; the Don, or Tanais, the Nieper, and Niefter. 
By thefe means the inland navigation is very extenfive; 
goods may be conveyed by water from Peterfburgh to 
China, with an interruption of only fixty miles. Ruf¬ 
fia is alfo celebrated for its timber and flax trade, its 
iron and copper mines in theUralian mountains, and its 
fifhei ies. 
Among the natural curiofities of this northern region 
muft be mentioned the rocks of ice, of many miles iiv 
extent, and aftonifliing height, adorned like cathedrals 
with pinnacles which reflect every variety of colours ra 
the fun, and prefent themfelves all along the Frozen 
Ocean. 
Prussia. —Exclufive of fmall detached territories, 
this kingdom extends from Hornburg and the river 
Oder, in the country of Halberftadt, the fartheft weftern 
connetded diftiidt, to the river Memel. It is bounded 
on the north by the Baltic Sea; on the eaft and fouth 
by parts of Rullia, and Auftria, and on the weli by the 
German States. It is fituated chiefly between fourteen 
and twenty-four degrees eaft longitude, and between 
fifty and fifty-five degrees north latitude. 
Pruffia, in its moft flourilhing era, was fuppofed to 
contain about 150,000 fquare miles, and its population 
may amount to 8,000,000, including the margraviate of 
Anfpach and Bayreuth, (fince lopped oft' by Napoleon 
Bonaparte,) and the acquifitions from Poland. The 
chief towns are Berlin, on the river Spray ; Konnigf- 
berg, Breflaw, Warfaw, and Dantzick. Potzdam is a 
recent city ; it is fituated on an illand amidft lakes and 
canals ; its caftle was built in 1663, and has fince been a 
favourite refidence of the Pruffian monarchs. 
This territory is divided into Royal Pruffia, and Du¬ 
cal Pruffia. Royal Pruffia lies on the weft fide of the 
■Viftula, and Ducal Pruffia on the eaftt—"What may be 
the extent of this kingdom, or whether it wdll exift at 
all, after the prefent war with France, (1806,) time 
alone muft develope.—The chief rivers are the Viftula, 
the Pregel, and the Memel. 
Holland. —The republic of Holland, or Batavia, 
but now the kingdom of Holland under Louis Bona¬ 
parte, confifts of what were formerly cal led, Seven United 
Provinces, viz. Groningen, Griefland, Overyfl'ei, Kol- 
land, Utrecht, Guelderland, and Zealand. Thefe pro-, 
vinces extend from the north oi Groningen to the fouth¬ 
ern boundary along Flanders and Brabant, about 150 
Britifli miles ; and in breadth from the North Sea to 
the circle of Weftphalia, about one hundred miles. It 
is bounded on the north by the German Ocean, on the 
weft by the Britiffi CJiannel, on the eaft by rJie German 
Ocean, and on the fouth by foine of the new ly-acquired 
dominions of France. It is fituated between three and 
feven degrees eaft longitude, and between fifry-cne and 
fifty-four degrees of north latitude. The whole coun¬ 
try has been eftimated at 10,000 Iquare iiiiles, and the 
number of inhabitants at about 3,000,000. 
Tlie chief towns in the kingdom of Holland are, Am- 
fterdain, Leyden, Rotterdam, and Haarlem >. The 
Hague is the largeft, and was tlie richeft, ijiUagem the 
world; it is thirty miles from Amfterdam ; and wax, 
before the revoliitiori, the Rat of goVernmeht, aiH the 
rfeiidende 
