3Q5 
GEOGRAPHY. 
refidence of the principal people. Antifterdam, the ca¬ 
pital, is curioufly built upon wooden piles. Leyden is 
famous for its iiniverllcy. The ftreets have canals run¬ 
ning through them, the borders of which are planted 
with rows of trees. The principal rivers are the Rhine, 
the Maefe, and the Scheldt. The canals are very nu¬ 
merous, and ferve the fame purpofes as roads in other 
countries, viz. travelling, and the conveyance of goods. 
Germany and Austria. —Germany is fituated in 
the middle of Europe ; it confifts of a number of infe¬ 
rior ftates, and of tf.e domini ms of Auftria, which com¬ 
prehend part of Germany, Hungary, and a large portion 
of what was formerly called Poland. According to its 
modern limits, it is bounded on the north by the Ger¬ 
man Ocean, Denmark, the Baltic, and part of PmHia. 
It includes Traiifylvaivia on the eaft ; on the fouth it 
extends to Turkey in Europe; and-Tts confines on the 
Weft are feveral departments of France. 
This extenfive country is included between the eighth 
and twenty-fixth degrees of eaft longitude from Lon¬ 
don ; and between forty-five and fifty-three degrees 
north latitude. The whole Aufirian dominions have 
been eftimated at more than 184,000 fquare miles, with 
a population of 20,000,000; and the other German 
ftates are more than equal to thefe, both in extent and 
number of inhabitants. Germany is comprifed under 
nine great divifions, called circles: three northern, 
Weftphalia, Lower Saxony, and Upper Saxony : three 
in tile middle. Lower Rhine, Upper Rhine, and Fran¬ 
conia; and the three fouthern, Swabia, Bavaria, and 
Auftria. Thefe circles are fubdivided into principali¬ 
ties, duchies, eleCforates, bifhoprics. See. Belides thefe 
there are a number of free cities, which are fovereign 
ftates; and fome of them are ftyled imperial towns. 
The emperor is (or was) elected, by ten electors, for 
life, under the title of Emjieror of Germany and King 
of the Romans. The emperor Francis is alfo, in his 
own right. Emperor of Auftria and King of Bohemia. 
The ten eleiftors are: the king or'elector of Bohemia; 
the king or eleiitor of Bavaria ; the eleefor of Saxony ; . 
the elector of Brandenburgh (king of Piuffia) ; the 
eledtor of Hanover (king of England) ; the elector irch- 
chancellorof the empire, whofe refidence is at Ratifboa; 
the eledtor of Salribtiigh; the eledtor of Baden; the 
king or eledlorofWirceinburgh ; and theeleCtor of rieffe. 
Theeledtors of Saxony and Brandenburgh have been 
regarded as the principal potentates in the north of Ger¬ 
many ; and the king of Bavaria and the king of Vvir- 
temburgh in the louth. Priiffia and Auftria arc confi- 
dered as independent powers. Almoft every prince in 
Germany, of which there were about two hundred, was 
arbitrary in the govei iiinent of his own eft.ite; but to¬ 
gether they form a great confederacy, governed by poli¬ 
tical laws. The head of all thefe petty Ibvereigns was 
the emperor; but foou after the Confederation of tiie 
Rhine w'as formed by Bonaparte, (July 12, 1806,) which 
drew all the princes in the fouth of Germany from tlieir 
allegiance to the emperor, and placed them under his 
own controul, Francis II. formally renounced the title 
of. Emperor of Germany, (Aug. 6, 1806,) and at pre- 
fent his title is Francis I. Emperor of Aiilhia. 
The chief towns are: Vienna, the reiidence of th 
prefent emperor. Drefden, the reiidence of the eledtor 
of Saxony, famous fur its gallery of pictures, its v.i- 
rious collections in the fine arts, and its porcelain manu- 
fadtory. Berlin, which is the capital of the Pruflian do. 
minions, Hamburgh, lituated on the Elbe, and one of 
the firlt coiumercial cities in Europe. Lcipfic and 
Frankfort, famous for their fairs. Gottingen, Jena, 
Leiplic, and Halle, celebrated for their univerlities, 
Belides Hanover, Munich, Manheini, Winemburgh, 
Heidelburgh, Auglburgh, Conftance, and Prague. 1 lie 
principal rivers of Germany are; the DatuibCj theKlfifie, 
the Maine, and the Elbe, 
The Auftrian dominions comprehend Auftria, Bohe¬ 
mia, Hungaiy, and p: rt of Poland ; and contain up¬ 
wards of twenty millions of inhabitants. By the parti¬ 
tion of Poland, Auftria acquired one-lixth part of that 
country, and more than four millions of fubjedfs. 
The capital of this compadl military empire is Vienna, 
where the emperor is confidered as the fucceflbr of Au- 
guftus. The other chief towns are V nice, Prague, 
Prelburg, Buda, Cracow, and Triefte.—The principal 
mountains are the Tyrolefe, the Alps, and the Carpa¬ 
thian mountains, under and amongft which numerous 
and extenfive forefts fpread^themfelves in every di- 
redtion. 
By the treaty of Luneviile, in 1801, the Rhine from 
Swilferland to Holland having been fettled as the line 
of limitation between Germany and France, all that 
part of the German territory which lay to the weft of 
the Rhine was ceded to France. The princes who fuf- 
fered from this ceffion, were ultimately to be indemni¬ 
fied by exchanges, and by fecularifing many of the cc- 
clefiaftical ftates. This indemnification, however, has 
not yet taken place. 
Po i.AND. —Though this kingdom has been annihilated 
by the rapacity of its neighbours, yet it is expedient that 
the former ftate of its exiftence fliould ftand upon l ecord.- 
Its geographical fituatlon was E. Ion. 16. 34. N. lat. 46. 
57. Length, 700 miles; breadth, 680; and its capital 
was Warlavv. It was bounded by the Baltic and Rulfia, 
north ; Hungary and Turkey, fouth ; Ruflia, eaft ; Ger¬ 
many, weft. It contained the provinces of Courland, 
Polifh Livonia, Samogitia, Polifli or Royal Pruftia, Li¬ 
thuania, Polachia, Polefia, Volhinia, Podolia,.Red Ruf- 
fia, Great Poland, Little Poland, and Mazovia. 
There belonged to Poland 230 towns, and 2377 villages. 
Its rivers are, Lower Dwina, Niemen, Viltula, Bog, 
Nieper or Borifthenes, and Niefter. The population was 
fiippofed to amount to 11,000,000. The government 
was a limited and elective monarchy. An attempt w,as- 
made in 1792, to improve and render it hereditary ; but 
it ended in the deftruttion of the monarchy, and of the 
independence of the kingdom. 
By the firlt partition of Poland in 1772, Rulfia.having 
feized great part of Lithuania, the emperor great part 
of Red Ruflia and Little Poland, and the king of Prulfia 
that part of Poland which borders on his dominions, the 
revenue, population, and extent of this country were 
then much diminilhed; lb that but a weak reliflance' 
could be made to the fecond partition in 1793, when the 
remainirig part was divided between Rulfia and Pfuflia. 
Turkey in Eurofe. —^This fine and fertile country 
is bounded on the north by Rulfia and Auftria; on the 
eaft by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora; on the 
fouth by the Archipelago and the Mediterranean ; and 
on the weft by the Gulf of Venice and Dalmatia. Its 
geographical pofition is between feventeen and thirty de¬ 
grees of eaft longitude, and between thirty.lix and forty- 
eight degrees ol north latitude ; and is computed to coui- 
tain more than 180,000 fquare miles, and the population 
is eftimated at 8,ooo,oco. 
Turkey in Europe includes Greece, which anciently 
was the molt celebrated region in the world. It compre¬ 
hended Macedonia, Albania, Epirus, Thelialy, Achaia,. 
the Morea, together with numerous illands on its coalt, 
and in the Archipelago. It was bounded on the north- 
by Bulgaria and Servia, on the eaft by the Archipelago, 
on the weft by the Gulf of Venice, and on the fouth by 
the Mediterranean. The government is under the Grand 
Seignior, who is mailer of the lives and properties of his 
fubjefts. He alTumes the titles of God upon earth, the 
lhadow of God, rite brother of the fun and moon, &c. 
The northern provinces of Turkey in Europe are, 
Moldavia, Beifarabia, Walachia, Servia, Bofnia, and 
Dalmatia ; thofe in the middle are, Bulgaria, Romania, 
Macedoniai Albania, and Epirus; the fbiithern part. 
