G E O G R A P H Y. 
or remnant of Greece, contains Thefial)', Achaia, and 
the Morea. '• 
The metropolis of Turkey is Confiantinople, finely 
fituated betv/een the Sea of Mannora and tlie Black Sea, 
and ftill one of the mofl: confiderablc cities in Europe. 
Adrianople is the fecond city in the Turkifli empire, 
and wa» formerly the capital. The principal rivers are, 
tlie Dann.be, the Save, and the Nieiler. Tlte chief 
mountains are, Pinduj and Olympus, which leparatc 
'I'lieiraly from Epirus; Parnaffus, in I.ivadia ; Athos, 
and Ha^mus. Adtos is celebrated for its loftinels, and 
is now inliabited by thoufaiids of monks and hermits. 
The iflands belonging to Turkey are very nuiner.ous. 
'd'he chief are Rhode.s, and Candia, in tlie Mediterra¬ 
nean. Z'lnte, Cephalonia, Corfu, and others of tlic 
Ionian ifies, lying wed of Turkey, form the new repub¬ 
lic of the “ Seveii Iflands.” 
Fr.akc'i:.— -This is one of the mod wefierly kingdoms 
of Europe. Jts bour.daries are, the Britiili Channel and 
Holland on tlie nortli; Germany, Sv/ifl'erland, and part 
of Italy, on the ealt; the Mediterranean and Spain on 
tlie foutli; and the Atlantic Ocean on the wed. ilt is. 
fituated between forty-two and fifty-two degrees north 
latitude, and between five degrees wed and eight de¬ 
grees ead longitude. Since the late acquifitions made 
to France, its extent of furface cannot be lefs than 
200,000 fquare miles, and the population is probably 
under-rated at 3,2,000,000, 
France was anciently divided into provinces; but 
fince the revolution, it has, with the Netherlands, and 
various,otlier territories acquired by the revolutionary, 
war, been divided into 115 departments. 
Pmis, the capital of France, is, next to London, the 
larged and mod confiderablc city in Europe. It con¬ 
tains about 500,000 inhabitants, and has lately been en¬ 
riched witii iinmenfe collections of works of art, the 
fpoil of conquered countries. The other principal towns 
are, Lyons, Marfeilles, Bourdeaux, Lille, and Geneva, 
formerly an independent date. 
'j'he principal mountains in France are, the Alps, 
wliich anciently divided it from Italy ; and the Pyrenees, 
wiiich divide it from Spain. The principal rivers arc, 
the Rh.one, the Garonne, the Loire, the Seine, and the 
, Somme. iL he Pvhine forms the boundary between France 
and Germany. The canals are very numerous; tlie chief 
work of this kind is the canal of Languedoc, about 180 
miles in length. Near Toulon are the ifles of Hyeres, 
which are the fame as Homer’s ifle of Calypfo. Tlie 
iile of Rhc is oppolite Roclielle. Belleille has been re¬ 
peatedly attacked by the Englifli. The ifle of Ufliant 
IS tveil known as the mod wederly headland in France. 
SwissERLAND. —This romantic country is fituated 
among the Alps, between France, Germany, and Italy; 
being bounded on the north by Germany, on tlie wed 
by France, and on the fouth and ead- by Italy. Its 
geographical polition is between five and eleven degrees 
ead longitude, and between forty-five and forty-eight 
degrees iiortii latitude. Tlie furface of Swilferland is 
edimated to be nearly equal to 15,000 fquare miles, and 
the population is reckoned at 2,000,000. 
Swillerland is remarkable for its mountains and glaciers, 
as well as for the finiple character of its inhabitants. 
It is divided into thirteen cantons; Zurich, Berne, Un- 
derwalden, Zug, Schweitz, Bafii, Claris, Soleure, Uri, 
A..ppenzel, Lucerne, Fribourg, and Schaffliaufeii. Tlie 
three principal towns are Balil, Berne, and Zurich. 
The fources of the Rliine and the Rhone, two of tlie 
granded rivers in Europe, are to be found in the moun¬ 
tains of Swilferland. The lakes of Conltance and Ge¬ 
neva have been long celebrated for their beauty. The 
Alps, which divide Swifl'erland from Italy; the moun¬ 
tains of St. Gothard, in tlie canton of Uri; and Mont 
Blanc, on the borders of Savoy ; forjn the mod majeftic 
fcencry in Europe. i. 
Italy. —This rich and fertile country'is fituated ia 
the fouth of Europe, extending far into the Mediterra¬ 
nean ; and is ufnaily confidered under three diviflons, 
the foutliern, tlie central, and the northern. 'I he fouth- 
ern part comprehends the kingdom of Naples ; the cen¬ 
tral divifioii confids of the' dominions of tlie cliurcli, 
and the kingdom of Etruria; and the northern divi/ion 
coinpreliends what has been called’ “ the Cifaipine or 
Italien Republic.”—Its boundaries are the Adriatic 
and Mediterranean feas, and the grand barrier of tlie 
Alps, which feparate it from France, Swilferland, and 
Germany. 
Italy, properly fo called, including-Sicily, lies be¬ 
tween the feventh and nineteenth degrees of ead longi¬ 
tude, and between tlie thirty-ifixth and foriy-fcventh 
degrees of north latitude. The length of this country 
from Mount Rofa, the highed fun.mit of the Italian 
Alps, to the Cape de I.euca, is about 670 Britidi miles, 
while the mean breadth between the Gulf of Venice and 
the Mediterranean is about 100 miles; but from tlie 
Adige, tlie breadth is about 200 miles. The population 
is edimated at 13,000,000. 
Italy lias always been confidered as the garden of Eu¬ 
rope, and the parent of the arts and of civilization. 
Once the niidrefs of the world, it dill remains a fine, 
populous, and intereding, country, but inhabited by a 
race of people who are degenerated by fiiperdition and 
political flavery. It is fubdivided into the kingdom of 
Italy; the kingdom of FAruria ; the Roman States; 
and the kingdom of Naples. 
The Apennines, form, a grand chain of mountains, 
which run tlirough almod the whole extent of Italy. 
Mount Vefuvius, near Naples, is a celebrated volcanic 
mountain. But Vefuvius, compared with Etna in Si¬ 
cily, is only a fmall hill: the circuit of Vefuvius is 
only 30 miles, that of Etna is 180. 
Rome is the principal city-of the pope’s dominions, 
the prefent capital of Italy, and once the capital of the 
civilized world. Its population was formerly very 
great, but does not now exceed one hundred thoufand. 
■Milan was the capital of the Italian republic, but notv 
of the new-made (May 26, 1805,) kingdom of Italy. 
Sicily, the larged of the Italian iflands, is feparated 
from the fouth-wed part of Naples by the drait of Mef- 
fina. This ftrait was famous for the Scylla and Cha- 
rybdis of the ancients, the former being a rock, tiie 
latter a v/hirlpool, both very dangerous to the naviga¬ 
tors of that period. The chief towns are Palermo, 
MeiTina, and Syracufe. 
Sardinia, another large, but derile, ifland, is fituated 
almod in the centre of tire Mediterranean: the principal 
town is Cagliari. 
Corfica is feparated from the northern parts of Sardi¬ 
nia by the Strait of Bonafacio ; its chief town is Badia. 
The ifland of Malta lies about fixty miles fouth of 
the ifland of Sicily, and is celebrated for the ftrength 
of its fortification^, which are now garrifoned by the 
troops of Great Britain. Candia, to the fouth of 
Greece, is famous for Mount Ida. Bo'th Malta and 
Candia are renowned for withdanding fieges by the 
Turks, who in the former lod 30,^00 men, and in the 
latter 1*80,000. 
Rhodes, north-ead of Candia, is famous for its co. 
lodal datue, between the legs of which diips failed into 
the harbour. In its right hand was a light-hoiife for 
the direction of mariners. It was'dedroyed feveral 
ages dace by an earthquake.—The principal rivers are 
the Po, the Tiber, the Var, and the Adige. 
Spain. —This country forms the mod wederly part 
of the continent of Europe ; and from its wedern fitua- 
tion, the ancients called it Hefperia. It is bounded on 
the north by the Bay of Bilcay, and the Pyrenean moun. 
tains, which feparate it from France ; on the ead by the 
Mediterranean fea, on the foulli.by the Straits of Gib- 
I f altar. 
