40 i 
G E O G 
the whole length of Ada. It is bounded on the north 
by the Ardtic Ocean, on the cafl by the leas ot Kamtl- 
chatha and Ochotfk ; the \}'eflern frontiers correlpond 
with thofe between Afia^and Europe ; on the fouth, the 
river Cuban, and part of the Caucafian chain ot moun¬ 
tains, divide the Ruflian territory from Turkey and Per- 
lia; the Altain mountains feparate it from tlte Chinefe 
empire ; and farther to the eaJl the boundaries of Rulha, 
the river Amour, and the Noblonnoy mountains. By 
geograpliical pofition it extends from the thirty-feventh 
degree of longitude eaft of Greenwich, to one hundred 
hundred and feventy degrees of weftern longitude. Al- 
rnod thewlioleof this empire lies north of fifty degreesot 
latitude. The chief towns are, Adracan, at tlie mouth 
of the Wolga; Azof, on tlie Afiatic fide of the Don ; 
Tobolflt, tlie capital of Siberia ; Kolywan, famous for its 
filver mines; and Irkutfk,the chief mart between Ruflia 
and China. 
Tlie general appellation of this country was Siberia ; 
the population of the whole of it not exceeding three 
millions and a half. The kingdoms of Cazan and Afha- 
can were added to the Ruffian empire in the fame cen¬ 
tury as Siberia. I'he population of all Ruffian Alia is 
calculated at about five millions. 
Siberia is divided into two great governments ; that 
of Tobolfk in the wed, and Irkutik in the eaft; which 
again are fubdivided into fmallcr. Tobolfk and A lira- 
can are the two metropolitan fees of Rullian Ada. Ir¬ 
kutik, Zuruchaita, and Kiachta, are the principal feats 
of the commerce between Ruffia and China.—The Ku- 
rilian idands belong to Afiatic Rufiia ; they extend front 
Kamtfchatka to Jelfo. 
Kamtscha tka.— This-part of Afiatic Rudla is a 
large peninfula on the north-eaftern part of Afia. It is 
bounded on the eaft and fouth by the lea of Kamtf¬ 
chatka, on the W'eft by the leas of Ochotfk and Pen- 
lliinlk, and on the north by the country of the Koriacs. 
It lies between fifty-one and fixty.two degrees of north 
latitude, and between one hundred and feventy.tliree 
and one hundred and eighty-two degrees of call longi¬ 
tude. The natives are divided into Kamtlcliatkans or 
Kamtfchadales, Koreki, and Kuriles; but all together 
do not amount to above five thoufand people. 
Nova Zembi.a is a region on tlie north of Afiatic 
Ruffia, in the Frozen Ocean; but w hether it be an illand, 
or part of a great continent, has not yet been fatisfafto. 
rily determined by any geographers or navigators. And 
fo little is known conceining this inhofpitablc country, 
tJiat it feems wholly uncertain whether there be any 
conftant inhabitants refiding there or net. Towards the 
end of the fixteenth century Ibme Dntch feamen win¬ 
tered in Nova Zembla, and with great difficulty kept 
thcmfelves alive, though conftanlly inured to a cold 
climate. 
Turkey in Asia. —This region extends from the 
ftiores of the Archipelago, to the confines of Perlia ; a 
fpace of more than a thoufand miles. It is bounded on 
the north by the Black Sea and the Caucafian moun¬ 
tains; on the call by the Cafpian Sea and Perlia; and 
on the fouth and weft by the Red Sea, Arabia, and the 
NIediterranean. Its geographical piofttion lies betw'een 
twenty-fix and forty-three degrees of eaft longitude, and 
between thirty-three and forty-three degrees of north 
latitude. The whole of the Turkifli empire in Alia is 
eftiinaced at nearly five hundred tlioiilaad fquare miles, 
and the population is reckoned at ten millions. Turkey 
is divided into feveral provinces, as follows : 
1. Natolia, or Afia Minor, which includes Natolia, 
properly fo called; Amalia, Aladulia, and Caraniania. 
The principal towns of wliicli are, Siiiynia, Burfa, Aina- 
Ca, Trapezond, Sinope, Ajazzo, Marat, and Satalia. 
j. Syria; the principal towns of which are Aleppo, 
Damalcus, Said or Old Sidon, Tripoli; alfo Balbec, 
anciently Heliopolis; and Palmyra, anciently Tadnior. 
Voi..'VlIl. N0.5W. 
R A P fl Y. 
3. Paleftine ; tlie capital of which is Jerufalem. 
4. Turcomania, or Turkifh Armenia ; tlie capital of 
which is Erzerum. 
5. Diarbec, Algezira, or Mefopotamia ; the chief 
towns of tvhich are, Diarbcc, and Moufoul. 
6. Irak-Arabi, or Chaldea ; the chief towns of which 
are, Buft'ora, and Bagdat. 
7. Curdiftan, or Alfyria ; the chief towns of wliicb 
are, Nineveh, and Betlis. 
8 . Choriftan; the chief town of wh.ich is BulTorah. 
9. Circafiia, or Tflierkefs; part being under the pro- 
tedlion of Turkey, part under Rufiia, and part under 
Perfia. 
10. Georgia; the principal town of which is Tefli;. 
11. Mlngrelia; and, 12. Imiretta^the principal tO'a.rs 
of which is Cotalis. 
The Turkilh kingdom of Rouni extended from the. 
EupJirates to the Hcllefpont, and from the Euxine to 
Syria. 
In Natolia, or Afia Minor, were the fever, churc! :■» 
of Afia, mentioned in the book of Revelation ; viz. P a 
gamos, Laodicea, Philadelphia, Thyatira, Sardis, Ephe- 
I'us, and Smyrna; but thel'e places, excepting Sn;yr;ia, 
are now inofily in ruins. 
South of Natolia is that part which is ufually called 
the Holy Land, on account of its having witnefied the 1 
cred million of Jefus Chrift. It is aii'b called Judea, from 
the patriarch jiidah. The river Jordan is now a very 
fnuill fircam that empties itfelf into the Red Sea, near 
the fpot where Sodom and Gomorrah once llood. 
Armenia is alfo ftyled Turcouumi.r. 'J'he ancient Me¬ 
fopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates, corre- 
fponds with Diarbec or Algezira. Syria, or the ancient 
Canaan, is litualed on tlie eafieni extremities of the 
Mediterranean. 
The principal river in Afiatic Turkey is the Eu¬ 
phrates; next to this is the Tigris.—Tlie mountains in 
this Country have always been celebrated ; thefe are, 
Taurus, I.ibanus, and Ararat ; on the lafi Noah’s ark 
refied after the flood. 
The chief illands of Afiatic Turkey are, Mytclene, 
Scio, Samos, Cos, Rhodes, and Cyprus, which produce 
cotton, lilk, oil, fruits, and wines. Turkey is allb la- 
nious for its carpets and rhubarb. 
Of the Turkilh cities in Alia, the mofi populous are, 
Aleppo, containing about two hundred and fitly tliou- 
land inhabitants; Damalcus, about one hundred and 
eighty thoufand ; and Smyrna, about one hundred and 
twenty thoufand, Burfa or Prufa is very populous, and 
was the capital of the Turkilh empire, till they palled 
over to Conftantinople, in Europe. 
Arabia.—. 7 'liis country is bounded by'Purkey, north; 
the Indian Ocean, fouth; the Red Sea, weft; and the 
Perfian Gulf, eaft. Its geographical pofition lies in eaft 
longitude thirty-five degrees fixty minutes; north lati¬ 
tude twelve degrees thirty minutes. It is in length, 
one thoufand three hundred miles ; and in breadth, one 
thoufand two hundred. The capital is Mecca. 
It is divided into three provinces, viz. i. Arabia 
Petraea ; the chief town of which is Suez, anciently Ar- 
linbe. 2. Arabia Defcrta, including Hajaz, a fmall trad; 
on the Red Sea ; the chief towns of which are, Anna, 
Mecca, Giodda or Gedda, the port of Mecca, and Me¬ 
dina. 3. Arabia Felix, or Yemen; the ciiiet towns ot 
wliich are, Sanaa, Mocha, Aden, Eladramut, Malcate, 
and Oman. 
To Arabia Deferta belongs Neged, the interior moun¬ 
tainous country inliabited by the Bedouins, divided intju 
Ared eaft, and Kirje weft. The chief towns of it are, 
Aijana, the birth-place of a late propiiet named Waheb ; 
and Munfoha, in Ared ; and Iniama, and Salemia, in 
Kirje, It extends eaftw'ard to O.man, on the Gulf oE 
Ormus, and Lahfa or Ahfor, on the Perlian Gulf.—Oman 
is by Ibme conlidered as the name of a province, of which 
Malkat is the chief town. 
5 K 
To 
