403 
GEOGRAPHY. 
profefs the Gentoo religion, atid a6l as brokers to the 
Europeans. 
Government .—-The Great Mogul is an abfolute prince; 
but ills viceroys, cjflled nabobs, rajahs, fubahs, &c. 
have little more than a nominal dependence on him. 
The prel'ent Mogul, (1806,) is Shah Allum. 
Hindooftan, foon after the Mahometan conquell of it, 
was divided into eleven foubahs or provinces. Thefe 
were again divided into circars, and the circars into pur- 
gunnaiis. The eleven foubahs were, Lahore, Moultan 
(including Sindy), Agimere, Dehli, Agra, Oude, Alla¬ 
habad, Bahar, Bengal, Malwa, and Guzerat. A twelfth 
%vas added towards-the weft fources of the Indus, called 
Cabul: it included Candaliar. Three more were added 
fVoin conquefts in the Deccan, Berar, Candilli, Amed- 
nagur; fifteen in all. 
Invafions and revolutions, however, have altered many 
of thefe divifions. Cafliemir and Sindy are tributary to 
the king of Candahar. Tlie polfeilions of the fheiks ex¬ 
tend from the Indus to tlie neighbourhood of Dehli; 
and from Gafhmere and Thibet to Bakhor, on the Indus, 
including Atoc, Multan, and Lahore. Dehli is the re- 
fidence of the Great Mogul, who, after long being de¬ 
pendent on a Mahratta chief,, has lately been delivered 
from this thraldom by the Britifh arms. 
There are tw-o Mahratta ftates or empires : the Poonah 
erWeftern, and-the Berar or Eaftern, Mahratias. Their 
polTelTions extend from eaft to weft, acrofs the wideft part 
of the peninfula, from Guzerat to Bengal; and from 
Agra northward, to the Krifna fouthward, and are 
about one thoufand miles in length, and feven hundred 
in breadth. 
The Weftern Mahratta chiefs acknowledge the ram- 
rajah to be their fovereign, and the peifiiwah to be his 
vicegerent. The ram-rajah refides at Sattarah, and the 
peifiiwah refides at Poonah, not far from Bombay. 
Berar, the other divifion, though very extenfive, is 
lefs powerful. The nabob of it lives at Nagpour. To- 
him alfo belongs the greater part of Orixa. 
The Rajpoots are ufually divided into the two tribes 
or clalTes of Ratliore and Chohan. Their prince is fome- 
times called Rana, 
The nabob of Oude poflefiTes, under the protedlion of 
the Englilh, extenfive dominions; the foubah of Oude, 
Allehabad, the Douab or country between the Ganges 
and Jumma towards their junftion, Benares, and the 
eaftern parts of Agra and Dehli. His principal city is 
Lucknow. His revenue is thought to amount to two 
millions and a half; the population of his dominions to 
near twenty millions. 
The nizam or foubah of the Deccan, though he pof- 
fefi'es extenfive dominions, is tributary to the Mahrattas. 
His capital, Hyderabad, is near Golconda. 
The five northern circars, fo called as lying to the 
north of Madras, and extending to Orifla, are Cicacole, 
Rajamundry, Ellore, Coiidapilly, in pofieftion of the 
Englifii, and Guntoor, called alfo Condovir, belonging 
to the nizam. 
The dominions of the nabob of the Carnatic, extend 
from Guntoor and the Krifna to Cape Comorin, includ¬ 
ing the dependencies of Tanjore, Madura, &c. His 
refidence is at Arcot, from which he takes the title of 
“ Nabob of Arcot.” Four of the circars, the Jagliire, 
and Cuddalore, depend on Madras. 
Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan’s territori.-s touched 
upon Vifiapour and Guntoor to the north; Madura and 
Travancore to the fouth ; the mountains of Sautgud and 
Attore to the eaft ; and the fea on the v/eft. They in¬ 
cluded Myfore, Bednore, Canara, Condanore, &c. Se- 
ringapatam was his capital. His revenue was fuppofed 
to amount to five millions fterling, and his army to three 
hundred thoufand men. In 1792 and 1799 the Englifii 
became mafters of thefe dominions, and appointed a de- 
fcendant of the race which had been dethroned by Tip- 
poo, rajah of the Myfore. 
The Polygars and Colleries arc fome Indian tribes, 
who maintain a fort of wild independence in the moun¬ 
tains chiefly towards the fouthern extremity of the pe¬ 
ninfula. The Sheiks, Jets, and Afgans, are to the north. 
Lahore is the capital of the Sheiks. 
The general revenues of Hindooftan, in the time of 
Auruiigzebc, were eftimated at thirty-two millions fter¬ 
ling; fuppofed equal to five times that fum, according 
to the prelent value of money. The number of his fub- 
jeifs has been calculated at fixty millions, which is in¬ 
deed fuppofed to be the prefent population of what then 
formed his empire. The population of Calcutta is fup¬ 
pofed to be half'a million. 
The revenue of the Englifii polTelTions in Bengal, Ba¬ 
har, and Orixa, is about five millions and a half fterling. 
Calcutta is their principal fettlement. The Madras re¬ 
venue is above one million. At Bombay and Bencoolen, 
the expences have much exceeded tlie receipts. The 
population fubjedl to Great Britain is calculated from 
twelve to fourteen millions. 
India beyond the Ganges. —The countries lying 
betw'een Hindooftan and Cliina, occupy what is called 
the Farther Peninfula. Its geographical pofition is in eaft 
longitude ninety-two degrees one hundred and nine mi¬ 
nutes ; north latitude one degree thirty minutes. Its 
length is about two thoufand miles; and its breadth 
about one thoufand'. It is bounded by Thibet and 
China, on the north; 'Straits of Malacca, on the fouth; 
Bay of Bengal, and Hindooftan, on the welt; and China, 
and the Chinefe Sea, on the eaft. It contains the follow-^ 
ing kingdoms.—r. Part of Upper, Middle, and Lower, 
Thibet; chief towns, Tonkar, called alfo Boroiithala, 
Lafla, and Putala,—2, Napaul and Bootan, the fouthern 
part of-Thibet; chief towns, Baffafudon, andCatmandu. 
—3. The Birman Empire, comprifing Azem or Achem ; 
whofe chief towns are, Chamdara, Tipera, Kirganu, or 
Ghargan; Aracan or Reccan, Aracan ; Ava or Burma,- 
Ava, Umraerapoora; Pegu, Pegu; Martaban, Marta¬ 
ban; Siam, Siam, • Bankok.—4. Tonquin China, chief 
town, Gac'ao or Keccio.—5. Laos, Langtlhang.—6. Co¬ 
chin-China, Toanhoa..—7. Cambodia, Camboja.—8. Si- 
ampa, Padram.—9. Peninfula of Malaya, Malacca. 
The chief rivers are, Sampoo or Burrampooter, or 
Thibet river, which riles near the Ganges, and joins it 
at its mouth, though in their courfe they become more 
than a thoufand miles afunder; Domea, Pegu, Mecon, 
Menan, Anan, Iratoady, on which is built the capital, 
Ummerapoora, Holi Kian. 
The Birmans are only feparated from the Hindoos by 
a very narrow range of nnountains ; yet the difpofitions 
of the two people are extremely difterent. The Birmans 
are a lively inquifitive race, irafcible and impatient. 
The Birman empire is divided from Afam on the north; 
and on the weft a range of mountaiiij feparate it from 
th.e Britifti dominions in Bengal. 
Ava is of confiderable extent, though obvioufly tend- 
ing to ruin and decay. Pegu, fouth of Ava, is fuppofed 
to be the golden CherfonelTis of the ancients. The Bir¬ 
mans, like the Chinefe, have no coin; but filver in bul¬ 
lion, and lead, are current among them. 
The forefts in this empire are large and numerous; 
the teek-tree is pre-eminent over them, and faid to be 
fuperior to the European oak. 
Malaya, or Malacca, contains feveral kingdoms and 
provinces. The inhabitants are called Malays, or Ma~ 
layans ; and the country is celebrated for its numerous 
wild elephants. Oppofite to this coaft are the illands 
of Andaman and Nicobar. On a barren illc to the ealt 
of the Andamans is a volcano, which emits fiiowers of 
red-hot Hones. A Britifti fettlement has been formed 
on the greater Andaman, for convicts from Bengal. 
Siam is fituated in a large vale, between two ridges 
of mountains; and its river, Meinam, which fignilies 
the mother of xuaters^ is celebrated among the oriental 
ftreams. 
Tije 
4 
