408 
GEOGRAPHY, 
North Frozen Ocean, Ar6lic or Icy Sea, asthat n ar the 
oppofite pole has been called the Antar6lic Icy Sea, or 
South Frozen Ocean. But the latter is not confidered 
as aft'ording any thing inviting to navigation ; and the 
former is more commonly underftood by the name of the 
Greenland Teas. Tliis laft name, however, is confined 
to thofe parts of it wl.ich lie to the north and north- 
wefl: from Europe; wliereas the general name of Arctic 
Sea comprehends all the fea to the north of Siberia, 
along the north coafts of Afia quite to the opening of 
the (traits between Afia and America, and extending 
eaitward as far as into one hundred and five flegrees of 
weft longitude. Of the coall of this fea, from about 
ten degrees of v/eft longitude, and about feventy-eight 
degrees of north latitude on the eaft coaft of Old or Weft 
Greenland, to this point, in longitude one hundred and 
five degrees weft, and about feventy-one degrees of 
north latitude, which is not more than about twenty- 
three degrees weft from the weft fide of Baffin’s Bay, 
and the dire6tion it takes, is a matter ftill unknown to 
European navigators. * 
The Englifh Channel, along the fouth coaft of Eng¬ 
land ; the Britifli Ocean, fometimes called the German 
Ocean, to the north of the Straits of Dover; and the 
North Sea, between the eaft coaft of Scotland, including 
fo)r.e of the Englifti countries to the Humber, and the 
coafts of Germany, Denmark, and Norway ; are too well 
known to require any further illuftration here. 
Of the finaller parts of the ocean, known by the name 
of feas, (traits, and bays, we have fpoken already. 
The Mediterranean and Baltic Seas, the Euxine or 
Black Sea, to the northward of the ftraits of Conftanti- 
nople, and tlie Sea of Azoph to the north-eaft from that, 
may be confidered as inland feas. Of this laft deferip- 
tion is the Cafpian Sea of Afia; and the Red Sea and 
Ferfian Gulf can fcarcely be entitled to any other cha- 
raWer. It may not be improper here to notice the Bay 
of Bengal on the fouth, with the Kang or Yellow Sea 
of China, the Gulf of Korea, and the Sea of Kamfchat- 
ka, or Ochotfk, all upon the weftern coaft of what may 
be deemed tlie North Pacific Ocean, or the eaft coaft of 
Afia. On the coaft of America, we may reckon, 
Davis’s Straits, and Baffin’s Bay, with Hudfon’s Straits 
and Bay to the weftward from the former, and the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence on the weft fide of the ifland of 
Newfoundland. The Gulf of Mexico, between North 
and South America, may alfo be noticed, and the Gulf 
of California, on the North Pacific Ocean, acrofs the 
Ifthmus, nearly to the weft of it. Of parts of the ocean 
ftill fmaller, or fiibdivifio.ns.ftill more minute, it cannot 
be necelfary to make mention here. 
Of the COASTS of EUROPE. 
Beginning with Great Britain, we muftof courfe take 
England as our firft object; for the coafts of wJiich the 
reader is referred to the article England, vol. vi. 
. 532. We are next to advert to thofe of Scotland ; 
eginiiing at the Frith where they meet the Englilh coaft,. 
and running along the weft fide of the kingdom, they 
come round by the north down the eaftern ftiore, till they 
terminate at Berwick. 
The (hire of Dumfries i^'the moft eafterly county on 
the north fide of Solway Frith. The river Nid., which 
falls into the Frith below the town of Dumfries, fepa- 
rates it from Kircudbrightlhire on the weft, asthat again 
is divided from Wigtonlhire on its weft by Wtgton Bay. 
The Mull of Galloway is the extreme Ibuth-weft point 
of Scotland, from whence the coaft turns north to Loch 
Ryan, within Fairland point, which divides this ftiire 
from Airlhire on the nonli ; which county extends at 
north by eaft along the eaft fide of the Frith of Clyde, 
The two illands of Bute and Arran are on the weft fide 
of the Frith. To the weft of the laft is Cantire, the 
fouth point of which is called the Mull of Cantire, be¬ 
ing the fouth part of Argylefliire, and is nearly fouth- 
weft from Arran Ifle. The ceaft, along its weft fide, 
runs due north to tire Sound of Jura, on the weft fide of 
which found are the ifiands called Ida and Jura. Mull 
ifland, and the Sound of Mull, are to the north and 
north.weft from the north end of this found, and the 
wefternmoft land of Argylelhire. Round a point in 
about fifty-feven degrees north, the land trends in to the 
eaft, where it forms a boundary to tlie large (hire of In- 
vernefs, extending quite acrofs the kingdom to the 
Murray Frith. As in other parts of this fea, here are 
feveral iflands to the weftward from the coaft; but the 
Sky iflands, which run off to the north w'eft from that 
point of the county, are the moft confiderable. The li¬ 
mit is nearly due weft, a little fouth, from the Murray 
Frith on the oppofite coaft. Rofsfliire is tlie next county 
on the north, which firft inclines to the north-weft within 
tlie Sky iflands ; and then palfes away to the north.norths 
eaft to Calvo Bay, where it divides on the coaft from 
Sutherlandfliire; the coaft of which laft fliire extends 
to Cape Wrath on the extreme point to the north-weft, 
and then due eaft or nearly fo, with intermediate lochs 
and bays to Strathy Bay, where it joins Caithnefsfliire. 
This laft county forms the north-eaft part of the king¬ 
dom of Scotland, unlefs we are to include the Orkney 
and Shetland iflands. Ord Head, near the mouth of 
Henkfdale River, is the fouthern limit of tliis fliire, in 
the direftion of about fouth-fouth-weft from Dungfby 
Head, the extreme north-eaft point. Sutherlandfliire 
coaft then comes in again here to tlie bottom of Doniock 
Frith ; and the peninfula of the eaft fide of Dornock 
Frith is a part of Rofsfliire, which alfo extends to the 
eaftern coaft of the kingdom, where it ftretches down 
to Murray Frith, except that tlie fmall fliire of Cro. 
martie, which it furrounds on all Tides but to feaward, 
comes in along the coaft. The fliire of Nairn, which 
joins to Invernefsfliire, on the weft of Fort George, then 
goes eaft in the direbtion of tlie coaft, to the mouth of 
Findorne river; and to the eaft of that is Murrayfhire, 
extending to Spey river. Bamftihire coaft e.xtends from 
Spey due eaft to Dovern river; and Aberdeenfliire 
ftretches eaft to Kinnaird’s Head, and thence fouth-eaft 
to Peterhead, and then fouth-fouth-weft to the river 
Dee at Aberdeen. Mearnsfliire extends from Aberdeen 
at about fouth-fouth-weft to the North E(k river ; and 
Angusftiire in the fame direblion nearly to the Frith of 
Tay. Fifelhire then comprehends the peninfula be¬ 
tween this frith and the Frith of Forth, extending 
along the eaft coaft at about fouth-fouth-eaft to Fifenefs, 
and then weft-fouth-weft along the north ftiore of the 
Frith. On the fouth coaft of the Frith is Edinburgh- 
fiiire, and to the eaft of that is Haddingtonftiire, at the 
extreme north-eaft point of which (hire is North Ber¬ 
wick. Mulfelburgh is (ituated near the limit between 
the two laft-mentioned counties ; and between Dunbar 
and St. Abb’s head on the fouth-eaft, is the boundary 
between Haddingtonfhire and Berwicklliire. It is al- 
moft needlefs to fay, that the town of Berwick is the 
extent of the laft, and the limit between Scotland and 
England. 
I'he coaft of Ireland may begin with Dublin, the ca. 
pital of the kingdom; after which the county of its 
name will follow. To Dublin, on the eaft coaft of the 
kingdom, fucceeds to the northward Eaft Meath, Louth, 
Down, and Antrim, at the north-eaft extremity ; on the 
weft of which laft, along the north coaft, are London¬ 
derry and Donegal counties ; after which, on the weft 
coaft, and to the foiith-weft of the laft, is Sligo, Mayo, 
and Galway, then Clare and Kerry, which comes down 
near to the fouth-weft extremity. To the eaftward, 
along the fouth coaft, are Cork and Waterford; then 
Wexford at the fouth-eaft; and to the north of tliat is 
Wicklow, or the next county on the fouth, and along 
the eaft coaft of Ireland again, to the county of Dublin. 
Proceeding hence to the continent of Europe, we 
fliould begin with Norway, at the North Cape; but 
J this 
