GERMANY. 
Iiaftened to execute a favourite proje^l: which he had 
concerted againil Algiers, and fet fail, with a formidable 
fleet, for the coafl of Barbary; but the weather proved 
fo extremely tempefhious, and the Algerines defended 
themfelves with fuch gallantry, that he was compelled 
to abandon his defign, The lofs which Charles fulLained 
in this alfair encouraged the king of France to begin 
liodilities, on which he had for feme time refolved, in 
order to chaflife the emperor for his duplicity relative 
to the inveftiture of Milan, and for the treacherous al- 
fallination of two ambalFadors, by the marquis del Guaflo, 
governor of the Milanefe. 
After explaining to all the courts of Europe the 
heinoufnefs of this injury, the bafe condudf of the em¬ 
peror, and the abfolute neceflity of vengeance, Francis, 
in 1545, made formidable preparations for war ; and his 
orders were executed with fuch difpatch, that five ar¬ 
mies w'ere foon ready to take the field, under different 
deftinations. Cltarles, on the other hand, levied a pro¬ 
digious number of forces, and even threatened to divide 
the kingdom of France between himfelf and Flenry VIII. 
of England. But the fubfequent hoftilities proved alto¬ 
gether indecifive; and after fome time a peace was con¬ 
cluded at Crefpy, by which it was agreed, that all re¬ 
cent conquefts fhould be mutually reftored ; that Charles 
fliould refign his claim to the duchy of Burgundy, and • 
Francis renounce all pretenfions to the fovercignty of 
F'landers and Artois; that the emperor fhould give in 
marriage to the duke of Orleans, either his eldefl daugh¬ 
ter with the Low-countries, or the fecond daughter of 
his brother F'erdinand, w'ith the inveftiture ot Milan; 
and that both parties fliould turn their arms againft the 
infidels; but the premature death of the duke of Or¬ 
leans foon difentangled Charles from this ftipulation. 
The emperor was chiefly induced to grant this peace 
by a defire of humbling the proteftant princes in Ger¬ 
many, who with the papal jurifdidtion might probably 
throw off the imperial authority. He accordingly con¬ 
cluded a diflionourable peace with the Porte; and, at 
the lame time entered into a league with pope Paul III. 
for the extirpation of herefy. His ambition, however, 
met with a very fevere check; for, although his arms 
were for fome time crowned with fuccefs, he was obliged, 
in 1552, to conclude a peace with the proteftants on their 
own terms. 
Charles had no fooner made peace with the proteftants, 
than he began to regret the lofs of Metz, Toiil, and 
Verdun ; and refolved to attempt the recovery of thofe 
biftioprics, by force of arms. Accordingly, he levied 
an army of fixty thoufand men, and prevailed on Albert 
of Brandesburg to join him, with a ftrong reinforcement; 
but after fpending almoft fixty days before tlie walls of 
Metz, and lofing upwards of thirty thoufand men, he 
was compelled to abandon the enterprife. To add to his 
misfortunes, 'he now loft the footing which lie had hi¬ 
therto maintained in Tufeany; and the mal-adminiftra- 
tion of his viceroy in Naples threatened that kingdom 
with the moft dreadful calamities. F/xafperated by thefe 
difafters, and impatient to obliterate the ftain which his 
military reputation had received before Metz, Charles 
retired into the Low-countries, and carried Terouane 
and Hefdin by aflault. In Italy, however, the imperial 
arms were lefs luccefsful, and the Turks continued to 
augment their conquefts in Hungary. After the war had 
been carried on for fome time, with various fuccefs, a 
truce for five years was concluded between the emperor 
and Henry II. king of France, on condition that both 
parties fliould reta'.i the territories which they then had 
in poffellion. 
Shortly after the cefTation of hoftilities, the emperor, 
finding his health rapidly decline, determined to relin- 
quifli the burthen of government; and accordingly re¬ 
called his fon, on whom, at his recent marriage with 
Mary queen of England, he had bellowed the kingdoms 
©f Naples and Sicily, together with the duchy^pf Milan. 
Having affcmbled the ftates of the Low-countries at 
Bruflels, he explained the reafons of his refignation, re¬ 
capitulated the moft important adtions of his life, and 
transferred the fovereign authority to Philip witli fuch 
unaffedted magnanimity and paternal alfedtion, that the 
whole audience melted into tears. A feuv weeks after 
this foleinnity, Charles conferred all his royalties and 
fignories, both in Europe and America, upon his fon; 
referving nothing to himfelf hut a penfion of one hun¬ 
dred thoufand crowns, to be dedudled from the revenue 
ot Spain. After making fome incffedtual attempts to 
fecure the German princes in the interefts of Philip, 
Charles made a formal refignation of the empire to his 
brother Ferdinand, and immediately fet out for Spain 
with a chofen retinue, A.D. 1555. On his landing at 
Laredo, his joy was fo exceffive, that he proftrated him¬ 
felf upon Ills knees, and with an exclamation of rapture 
kiffed tlie ground. Previoully to his arrival in Spain, a 
fmall building had been annexed to the monaftery of St. 
Juft, confifiing of fix rooms; four of them in the form 
of friars’ cells, with naked walls; and the other two 
hung with brown cloth, and furniflied in the moft Ample 
manner. Thither Charles retired wfith only twelve do- 
meftics; and there, after a peaceful folitude of about 
two years, he refigned his breath, in the fifty-ninth year 
of his age. His body was interred at Granada, near thofe 
of his grandfather ancl grandmother; but it was after¬ 
wards removed to the Efeurial, by order of Philip IV. 
—See the article Spain. 
From the ABDICATION of CHARLES V. to 
THE TREATY OF RASTADT. 
Ferdinand I. brother of Charles V. having been una- 
nimoufly approved of by the eledlors, they transferred 
to him, on the late emperor’s aft of abdication, the im¬ 
perial dignity, and took the accuftomed oaths of alle¬ 
giance. The Roman pontifi’, however, i-efufed to admit 
the abdication of Charles, or the eleftion of his brother, 
becaufe both thefe events had taken place without his 
concurrence. He even refufed audience to don Martirs 
de Guzman, whom Ferdinand had lent-to take the ufual 
oath in his name; and appointed certain cardinals to 
examine into the merits of the affair. Thefe commifla- 
ries declared that the ambaflador could not be admitted 
to any audience, until he fhould have demonftrated in 
what manner the imperial throne became vacant, and by 
what right Ferdinand pretended to the fuccellion; as all 
the recent proceedings at Frankfort were null and void, 
becaufe carried on by heretic electors, without the con- 
fent of his holinefs. Ferdinand, however, paid little 
regard to this declaration ; for he confidered the ancient 
cuflom of foliciting the papal confirmation, and going to 
receive the imperial diadem at Rome, as I'upcrfluous 
ceremonies. His indilference was not produftive of any 
ferious confequence; for, on the death ot Pj.ul IV. which 
Iiappened fliortly after the eleftion, he received the con- 
finnation of his new dignity from Pius IV. 
Ferdinand, being delirotis of fettling the affairs of the 
empire, convoked a diet at Auglburg, in 1560, to wliich 
was given the n;une of the aulic council-, and he earneftly 
exhorted the princes and ftates to fubmit to it, as the 
only means of re-eftablifliing the union ot Germany ; and 
he pledged his word that they Ihould be more favour¬ 
ably lieard in that nffembly than they had been in the 
council of Trent. The proteftants refufed to accede to 
this piopofal: upon which Ferdinand folicited the pope 
to convoke a national council j and alter fome time his 
holinefs publiflied a bull for renewing the council of 
Trent, whither all princes, prelates, and ambalFadors, 
were invited. On tlie publication of this bull, the pro. 
teltants alfembled at Naumberg in Sa.xony, w'here. they 
were vifited by two nuncios, whom the pope liad fent 
to invite them to the council. But, though they re¬ 
ceived the papal ambafladors witli great politenefs, and 
liltencd to their harangue with profound attention, they 
firmly 
