GERMANY. 
495 
houfe of Auf^ria, and eventually chafed the confederates 
out of Franconia. 
The hollile powers again expretfed a wifli for a paci¬ 
fication; and Lutzoro, one of Ferdinand’s aulic coun- 
fellors, was employed to negociate tlie preliminaries at 
Hamburg, with the plenipotentiaries of France and Swe¬ 
den, A.D. 1641. But the emperor confidered the arti¬ 
cles as derogatory to his honour; and a diet which he 
had convoked at Ratilbon granted him fupplies for car¬ 
rying on the war. Bannier,. being apprifed of this cir- 
cumltance, formed the defign of difperfing the alfembly, 
and even of furprifing the town: accordingly he led the 
confederates'to Schwendorf, whence he detached fix re¬ 
giments of cavalry acrofs the Danube, to Ratilbon. The 
approach of this army occalioned an univerfal confter- 
nation; fifteen hundred imperial troops were made pri- 
foners,. and the emperor himlelf efcaped with difficulty; 
for whillt he was preparing to take the diverlion of hunt¬ 
ing, his advanced guard, litter, hawks, and equipage, 
were all carried off by the enemy. It feems that the 
confederates had defigned to take the advantage of the 
troll, to block up the town; but the weather becoming 
more mild, they were obliged to repafs the river, and 
rejoin their main army. Soon after this expedition, 
Bannier retired to Halberlladt, where he died, in the 
forty-firft year of his age, to the inexpreffible regret of 
his partilans. 
Notwithftanding the death of Bannier, war continued 
to delblate the empire ; and the imperial forces were ex¬ 
tremely unhiccefsful. Picolomini and the archduke Leo¬ 
pold flattered themfelves with the hope of compelling 
the protellant princes of Brunfwic and the landgrave ol" 
HelTe to fue for an accommodation ; but this projeft was 
foon fruftrated by the Swedes and French, who met and 
defeated them near Wolfembuttle, with great llaughter. 
In the enfuing campaign, count de Guebriant gained a 
decifive viblory over a body of Aultrian troops near Or- 
dinguen; the duke of Saxe-Lawemburg w'as defeated by 
the Swedilh general Torllenfon, and obliged to furren- 
der himfelf prifoner of war; and a more numerous army 
under Picolomini was utterly difperfed in the plain of 
Breitenfield, with the lofs of eight thoufand men, forty- 
fix pieces of cannon, one hundred and fixteen pair of 
colours,- and feventy-five ffandards. After this battle, 
and the fubfe( 5 uent redublion of Leipfic, in 1643, the 
confederates expefted that the houfe of Aullria would 
be fincerely difpofed to an accommodation; but as the 
courts of Vienna and Madrid were fenlible that an exor¬ 
bitant price would be fet upon the peace at that junc¬ 
ture, they appeared very indifferent about renewing the 
negociations. However, after mature deliberation, they 
agreed to open conferences for a general peace in the 
month of July; and the preliminaries being publilhed, 
all the nations which had been lb long expofed to a ca¬ 
lamitous war, congratulated theml'elves upon the near 
approach of returning tranquillity. 
But this pleafing profpedt was for a time overcall by 
the death ot Louis XI 11 . and tlie hollile deligns of the 
new government. A vittory obtained over the Spaniards, 
by the duke d’Enguien, convinced the confederates that 
they might Hill expebl the affillaiice of the French mi- 
nillry; and Torllenfon was ordered by his court to march 
againll the king of Denmark, whom they accufed of har¬ 
bouring all the lentiments of an enemy, under the malk 
of a mediator. .About the fame time the duke of Lor- 
rain renounced his treaty with France; Guebriant was 
mortally wounded at the liege of Rotweil; and de'Rant- 
zau, who fucceeded him in command, was defeated and 
taken prifoner by count de Merci, general of the Bava¬ 
rians. On the re-ellabliffiment of peace between the 
crowns of Sweden and Denmark, Torllenfon returned 
into Germany, and purfued the imperial army from place 
to place, till at length an engagement took place in the 
neighbourhood of Thabor. This adlion continued for 
the fpace of four hours with equal obltinacy and fuccefs, 
but the Aullrians were defeated; general Gocutz, and 
about three thoufand men, were killed on the I'pot ; 
general Hasfield, and fevei al officers of dillindtion, were 
numbered among the prilbners, and twelve hundred fu¬ 
gitives were overtaken and llaughtered upon the banks 
of the Danube. 
Alarmed by thefe repeated misfortunes, Ferdinand 
prelTed the eleblor of Bavaria to furnifli him vvith more 
troops; and the duke accordingly fent four thoufmd 
men toward Vienna, while Galas collecled the remains 
of tlie imperial army in Bohemia, and encamped under 
the cannon of Pilfen to obferve the motions of the eneni}-. 
Torllenlon, in the mean time, made himfelf mailer of 
almoll all the towns in Moravia, and laid clofe liege to 
Brinn, as the reduttion of tliat place w.oiild enable him 
to penetrate into Hungary and Aullria. Upon tlie lirll 
intelligence of Torllenfon’s delign, the city of Vhenna 
W'as overw’helmed with Inch conllernation, that the em¬ 
peror immediately retired to Ratiffion; and the emprel's, 
with many of the courtiers, took refuge at Gratz, in 
Stiria. All the valuable furniture was removed; the 
lortifications were repaired ; the magazines were filled ; 
and all the necelfary preparations made for fullaining a 
vigorous fiege. However it was foon difeovered that 
Torllenfon had no intention of attacking the capital, and 
tlie gallant rellffance of Brian gave Ferdinand time to 
put his affairs in better order. During thefe tranfaClions, 
general Merci obtained a lignal victory over the vil'count 
de Turenne, in the neighbourhood of MiU'iendal ; but, 
on the arrival of a reinforcement under the duke d’En¬ 
guien, a I'econd battle was fought, which terminated in 
the death of Merci, and the defeat of the imperialills. 
Nordlingen, and I'ome adjacent towns, immediately 
opened their gates to the conquerors; but tliey were, 
foon afterward, retaken by the archduke Leopold. 
Torllenfon having refigned the command of the Swe¬ 
dilh army, in 1646, general Wrangel was nGiuinated as 
his fuccelfor; and his arms were attended with conlide- 
rable luccefs. In concert with the vifeount Turenne, 
he ravaged part of Bavaria, pillaged all the country to¬ 
ward the Lake of Conltance, and furprifed feveral im. 
portant fortrelfes in the vicinity of Bruckheim. Mean- 
while the emperor caufed his fon Ferdinand to he pro¬ 
claimed king of Bohemia, and afterwards carried hint 
to Prefburg, where he was folemnly invellcd vvith the 
crown of Hungary. Early in the enfuing fpring,Wiangel 
and Turenne attacked an imperial army, under general 
Alelander, in the neighbourhood of Auglburg. The 
engagement commenced with great fury, and both lides 
fought with incredible refolution; but, bn the deatli of 
Melander, the imperialills were thrown into confulion, 
and were dilpcrled with great flaughter. About the 
fame time baron Lamboy, who'commanded the troops 
of Wellphalia and Cologne, was utterly defeated in tlie 
duchy of Juliers; and Charles Gullavus, prince pala¬ 
tine, undertook tlie liege of Prague with I'o numerous 
an army, that the place iiiull inevitably have been taken, 
had not the emperor now refolved to ..onclude a peace. 
Hitherto the negociations at Munller and Ofnaburg 
had varied according to the viciffitudes of the war; tlie 
celiion of Allace to tlie crown of France, and the feveral 
demands of the treating powers, met with I'uch difficul¬ 
ties as appeared almoll inl'urmountable. But after many 
debates and altercations, thefe obltru6lions were re¬ 
moved; the conferences were tranllated fiiil to Oliu- 
burg and then to Munller; and at each place a treaty 
was concluded, fmee known by the appellation of the 
“ Peace of Wellphalia,” vvliich terminated the thirty 
years war.' By this treaty, France acquired the b'lhop- 
rics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun ; together with Brilac, 
the iandgraviate of Upper and Lower Allacc, the Sunt- 
gaw, and the prefedture of the ten towns lituated in 
Allace : Sweden obtained the' archbilliopric of Bremen,’ 
and fome other territories': the houfe of Aullria reco¬ 
vered the forelt-towns, with all their territories and ap. 
purteiiances: 
