G E-R M A N Y. 
jurtcnnncef; the eledUirs and princes of botli parties 
^vere rc-cMtahlilhed in all their ponTelTions: and tlie pro- 
tefte.iits obtained the lij^ht of excrcidng Mteir religion, 
both in privmte and public. Yet notwithdaiuiing all the 
precautions that could be taken, many difficulties inter, 
veiled before iliis important bufinefs could be concluded. 
'I he, pore puhliflied a bull, annulling all the articles 
V. hich lie conceived prejudicial to tiie Romilh religion ; 
and the king of Spain formally protefted againft tlie re, 
(font'ion of the Lo-.ver Palatinate to Charles I,ouis, count 
palatine of tlie Rhine. But thefe meafures were totally 
difregarded ; and, after mature deliberation, the pleni¬ 
potentiaries of the different powers mutually delivered 
tlieir ratifications, A.D. 1649. 
Soon after tlie reftoration of peace, the emperor ex- 
erted himfelf to procure the fuccefiioii for Ills fon Per- 
diiiand ; and that prince was accordingly eletted king 
of the Romans, in 16152, after figning a folenin engage- 
iiient, by which lie obliged hinifclf to nuiintaui inviola¬ 
bly tlie Golden Bull ; to obferve religioufly the treaties 
ef Munller and Ofnaburg; and to form no alliance con, 
cerning tlie affairs of tlie empire without the confent of 
the Germanic body. After this, the emperor returned 
to Ratilhon ; where a diet was !ield to deliberate upon 
complaints that liad been made by feveral dates agaiiifi: 
the king of France, wlio, they affirmed, Iiau invaded 
■ their privileges, in conlequence of the ceffion of Alface. 
Tlie inhabitants of Bremen alfo complained that Charles 
Guftavus, king of Sweden, paid no attention to tlie pre- 
fervation of their rights, but had even furprifed a bo- 
rough in their neighbourhood by force of arms; and 
tliat, when the towns of Lubec and Hamburg remoii- 
ffirated on thefe pioceedings, Kcningfiiiark had replied, 
that iieitlier the diet nor the emperor had the lead right 
to internieddle w ith the concerns of Sweden and its lub- 
jects. Upon this rcimelcntation, the circles of Weftpha- 
lia and Low'er Saxony were ordered to defend the privi¬ 
leges of Bremen, and hodilities were iiiiinediatcly tlireat- 
ened on both ddes; but, by the.mediatioii of the Hol¬ 
landers, this difference was accommodated; and the 
grievances of Bremen were redrefled in a congrefs at 
Staden. At the fame time, the protedants chofe the 
elector of Saxony to direcl their conferences and exe¬ 
cute their refblutions; and the catholics declared the 
debtor of Bavaria chief of tlieir union. Thefe affairs 
being fettled, the diet broke up ; and tlie emperor, w’itli 
his eiiiprefs and elded fon, returned to Vienna amidil 
iiniverfal acclamations. Tlie joy of the populace, how¬ 
ever, was loon converted into mourning, by the lol's of 
the king of the Romans, who died in the twentieth year 
of Iiis age; and tlie imperial court removed to Eberf, 
dorf, overwlielmed with grief. 
Having procured his fon Leopold to be acknowledged 
king of Hungary, and ;uiiul'ed the protedants of that 
kingdom with great proniifes of indulgence, I'crdinand 
engaged in a treaty w ith th^ kings of Denmark and Po¬ 
land againlt the Swedes. This league was approved by 
the chain of the Crim Tartars, and the king of Denmark 
declared war by a nianifedo: but the emperor did not 
fee the eft'ebt of tiiefe meafures; for, previoudy to the 
commencement of hodilities, lie died at Vienna, in the 
forty-ninth year of his age, and the twentieth of his reign, 
A.D. 1657, Ferdinand III, was zealoully attached, to 
the Roniidi religion; and on fome occafions he cxprelied 
a tender regard for the iiitereds of his fubjebts: but he 
was peculiarly unfortunate in the diftribiition of his fa. 
vours, and admitted feveral perlbns into his councils 
who involved him in many difficulties. It is but juf- 
tice, however, to obferve, that no emperor was ever 
attacked by fo many potent eoeiniesat once, or fudained 
fuch 'accumulated defeats, without linking under his 
misfortunes. 
Immediately after tiie demife of tliis prince, an elec, 
toral diet was held at Frankfort, in order to fupply tJie 
vacancy on the imperial throne; and, after much oppo- 
4 
fition on the part of France, Leopold Ignatius, king of 
Hungary and Bohemia, was declared duly elefted. The 
new emperor, having compelled the king of Sweden to 
make an accommodation vvith Poland, determined alfo 
to clieck his progrefs in Denmark, and accordingly or¬ 
dered a numerous army o; Auftrians and Brandenburgers 
to invade Pomerania : but the Swedilli generals took 
Bich precautions for tlie defence of the principal towns, 
that this expedition was rendered abortive. Meanwhile,, 
the French and Englifli preffed theSiates-general to with- 
liold all turthcr aliilhince from the king of Denmark; 
and, having concluded a treaty, Called the Convention 
of the Hague, they engaged to reduce by force that 
party wliich Ihould reful'e to come to an accommoda¬ 
tion. This meal'ure was extreniedy difpleafing to liis 
Swedifli m.ijelly; but, liaving fuftained a fevere defeat, 
lie declared his refolution of acceding to it; and his 
death, whicli happened loon afterwards, facilitated the 
reftoration of peace. 
Scarcely were the troubles of the North compofed, 
betore Leopold I. was threatened with an invafion from 
the Turks, who had made an irruption into Tranlyl. 
Vania, flain tlie vaivode Ragollki in battle, and threat¬ 
ened to ravage tlie country of Zathmar with fire and 
fword, unlefs the inhtibitants would acknowledge the 
fultan for tlieir fovereigii. Hereupon Leopold lent Mon- 
tecuculi witli twenty tlioufand men into Hungary, gar- 
rifoned Zekellieid vvith five thoufaiid Germans, and re¬ 
paired all the fortifications of the frontier towns. Thefe 
preparations, however, were by no means agreeable to 
the Hungarian nobles: they imagined that Leopold in¬ 
tended rather to conquer their country than to oppofe 
the invaders; and that, by taking poirefiion of all the 
fortreffies, lie hoped to drive the proteftants out of Hun¬ 
gary, as he formerly had expelled them from Boliemia. 
Thefe fufpicions being communicated to the common¬ 
alty, a general difeontent prevailed over all parts of the 
kingdom, and the imperialifts were obliged to make ufe 
of violence to obtain quarters and provifions. 
In the enfuing fpring, the Turks took the field, and 
advanced by rapid marches towards Friuli;, but they 
were attacked by count Serina at the pafl'age of the 
Sliiin, and defeated witli prodigious flaughter. The 
conquerorimproved tliisadvaiitage by burning tlie bridge 
of Eli'ek, taking tlie city of Five Churches, and fecuring 
feveral important places between tlie Drave and the Da¬ 
nube ; while the count de Souches, wlio commanded a 
feparate detachment, defeated four tlioufand of the infi¬ 
dels near Newliaiifel, and attacked the town of Lewentz 
with f'ucli irrefiftible fury, that the garril'on furrendered 
at diferetion. 
Meanwhile the grand-vizir, having made himfelf inaf- 
ter of Serinfwar, in 1664, paffed the Meur, and avowed 
his intention of marching to Vienna. Monteciiculi, how¬ 
ever, refolved to flop his progrefs ; and a battle enfiied, 
near St. Godard, wliicli terminated in the total defeat 
of the Ottoman forces. This memorable engagement 
lafted from nine o’clock in tiie nioniing till four in the 
afternoon, and the Turks obftinately refilled to yield the 
viilory till they had loft the greateft part of their troops. 
Upon the firft intelligence of this defeat, the emperor 
expefled fome concellions on the part of tlieiTurks, and 
his expectations were verified; the grand-vizir immedi¬ 
ately oft'ered negociations of peace, and a treaty was in 
confequcnce concluded at Temefwaer. 
The Hungarians were fo highly exafperated’at the 
conclufion of this treaty, that they openly threatened a 
revolt, and even alTaulted the meffienger who was em¬ 
ployed to carry dilpatches from the grand-vizir to tlieir 
fovercign. Hereupon the emperor I'ummoned feme of 
the refractory noblemen to Vienna; and authorifed prince 
Lobkowitz, prefident of the iirrperial council, to tell 
them, that the Turks had of the!rifdve.s propofed a 
peace, in which it was agreed that Tranfylvania ihould 
enjoy its liberty; that Zathmar and Zamboiick ShovUd 
