501 
GERMANY. 
gates of Vienna, Ragotfki, who had recently efcaped 
iVoiii prifon, commanded an army of twenty thoufand 
men ; general Forgarts appeared at the liead of eight 
tlioufand ; and count Caroli, with Efterhagi and Bere- 
cenni, tvere employed in aflembling an army of thirty- 
eight thoul'and men. So formidable an armament ele¬ 
vated the courage, and raifed the demands, of the Hun¬ 
garians; infomuch that they grew' indifferent to an ac- 
cwnmodation, and feemed difpofed to drive matters to 
the lad extremity. 
In the mean time, the eledfor of Bavaria occupied the 
chief pods on the Neckar and Danube; marefchal Tal- 
lard penetrated, by forced marches, through the Black 
Fored; and the empire would, in all probability, have 
funk under the arms of France, had not the duke of 
Marlborough hadened to join the prince of Baden, and 
turned the balance of vidlory by his extraordinary exer¬ 
tions. Several advantageous propofitions were now made 
to the elector of Bavaria, in order to detach him from 
the intereds of Louis XIV. but, although the battle of 
Blenheim was lod after prodigious daughter, the elec- 
trefs was obliged to implore the protection of the impe¬ 
rial court at the price of half her dominions, and the 
electorate was reduced to the utmod didrels, he re- 
mained firm and unmoved in Ids refolution. 
After mature deliberation, the confederates refolved 
to undertake the dege of Landau, and here the bvave 
defence of Laubanis excited the adonidiment of all Eu¬ 
rope. This intrepfd officer, though labourinjj^ under 
bodily infirmity and the misfortune of blindncfs, be¬ 
haved with all the ardour and impetuodty of youth. He 
replied to a menacing fiimmons f'ent by the king of the 
Romans, “ that he could not lofe the glorious opportu¬ 
nity of peridiing in the fervice of his country, and eredl- 
ing the mod honourable monument to his own memory 
on the ruins of Landau.” His fubfequent conduct was 
perfectly confident with this adertion ; for he obdi- 
nately defended the lad remaining work, caudng him- 
felf to be led to the trenches in order to feel the pro- 
grefs of the enemy, and giving direttions for dailies, 
which his foldiers obeyed without murmuring, and 
executed with irreddible fury. At length, however, 
Laubanis was wounded ; every inch of ground was dil- 
puted before it was lod ; the garrifon began to fink be¬ 
neath their fatigue ; and the enemy made vigorous pre¬ 
parations for a general alfault, Thefe circumdances in¬ 
duced the governor to prevent an unnecedary effufion 
of blood by an honourable capitulation ; and his pro- 
pofals were accepted, after the allies had loft nearly ten 
thoufand men in the profecution of, the dege. 
This campaign terminated with the battle of Caffano, 
in which prince Eugene was defeated, after having- 
made the mod arduous exertions for the reftoration of 
the emperor’s afiairs in Italy. Greatly inferior in force, 
diftrelled for necelfaries, and fupported only by his own 
genius, he encountered Vendome, the belt general of 
1'ranee, at the head of an army fludted with conquelt ; 
but his prodigies of valour now proved unavailing', and 
his gallant followers were overpowered by numbers. 
The princes of Germany now began to reprobate the 
war, as produdlive of nothing but ufelefs victories, 
daughter, and defolation; the republic of Holland 
darted leveral difficulties refpeCling her quota of troops 
and money ; the prince of Flcde indded that his men 
diould never be commanded by Dutch officers ; and tlie 
prince of Baden refilled to acknowledge that luperiority 
which the other inferior officers of the empire conlidered 
as due to the States General. Such was the dfttraCted 
date of the court of Vienna when the emperor Leopold 
died, in the forty-feventh year of his reign. This prince 
is faid to have maintained the alfeCtion of his lubjects, 
and conciliated the elleem of his neiglibours, by his 
affable behaviour; and it is certain that his prudence 
often prelerved the diadem which tottered on ids head. 
Upon the acceliion of Jol'eph to the imperial throne 
VoL. VIII. No. 520. 
in T705, it was generally expeCted that a termination 
would be put to the war, winch liad already dcfolated 
Germany, and impoveriihed a confiderable part of Eu. 
rope: but the F.ngliffi peremptorily refufed to liden to 
an accommodation ; -and Louis was not fufficiently hum¬ 
bled to propofe Inch conditions to the emperor as lie 
could with honour accept. To compromife the dif¬ 
ferences with the Hungarians, Jofepii difmiired, thofe 
minifters that w'ere attached to the incerelfs of the Je- 
liiits, and offered to convoke a general diet, where tlie 
pretenfions of the difeontented chiefs might be exa¬ 
mined, and all grievances taken into confideration. 
But the malcontents declared, that they would hearken 
to no propofals till the emperor Ihould engage to banilli 
all the Jefuits, to reftore to the people their ancient 
right of electing their own fovereigns, and to give am¬ 
ple fecurity that no foreign troops Ihould ever be ouar- 
tered in the kingdom, or employments belfowen but 
upon Hungarians, except in cafes where the diet fliould 
think proper to gratify extraordinary fervices by pre¬ 
ferment. The confequence of this declaration being 
dreaded by the confederates, they undertook to mediate 
an accommodation, and conferences were actually opened 
at Tyrnaw ; but fome inconliderable advantages en¬ 
couraged the emperor to rife in his demands, and the 
negociation was fuddenly broken off. 
General Heberville, having raifed the blockade of 
Waradin, advanced within fight of the malcontents, in 
the neighbourhood of Scibo, and determined to draw 
them to an engagement. The enemy fullained his firfi; 
attack with extraordinary firmnels, and twice repulfed 
his troops wdth great flaughter; but being at length 
overpowered by the imperial cavalry, they were obliged 
to abandon their camp with precipitation. Thisvidtory 
w as foon followed by the total reduction of Tranfylva- 
nia. But whilll Vienna rung with rejoicings for this 
brilliant fuccefs. Lower Hungary, Moravia, and the he¬ 
reditary dominions of the houfe of Aufiria, were lite¬ 
rally defolated by the rebels; and fuch crowds of 
Aulfrian peafants flocked to their ffandard, that they 
bade defiance to oppofition, and pofitively refufed an 
armiftice wdiich was propofed by the mediators. 
In the mean time, marefchal Villars was at the head 
of a formidable army 'on the Mofelle ; the banks of 
the Rhine were covered by the numerous troops of 
Marfin; the elector of Bavaria had taken Huy; and 
Liege muft probably have funendered, had not the re- 
fifllefs arm of Marlborough interpoled for its prefer- 
vation. That general, with his accuflomed intrepidity, 
forced the elettor’a lines near Melleling on the Maine, 
and obliged him to retire in diforder towards Louvain. 
His glorious ardour, how'ever, -was ch.ecked by the un- 
fea^bnable caution of the^ Hollanders, and he jufily 
complained that they wreflM vitfory out of h.is hands. 
Violent altercations enfued between Marlborough and 
the prince of Baden, and a feparation of the allied army 
enabled Villars to reinforce the eledtor of Bavaria with 
thirty battalions and fifty fquadrons. 
During thefe tranfabtions, jofeph found; himfelf in¬ 
volved in a difpute with the Roman pontifl. Cava- 
letti, one of the imperial ambafiador’s domeflics at 
Rome, had been titrown into prifon for firiking fome 
officers of juftice ; and the affair was reprefented at Vi¬ 
enna in fo ferious a manner, that the count de Lamberg 
was immediately recalled, and the pope’s nuncio was 
defired to quit the imperial court. '1 his trivial circum- 
ftance was fufficient top-evive an ancient controverfy ; 
and the emperor itow demanded that Palavicini, gover¬ 
nor of Rome, Ihould be baniflied ; that a procefs formed 
againft the marquis del A'aifo, who had been veiredwith 
the charadfer of ainbafl'ador from the archduke Charles, 
fhould beburni by tlie common-executioner; that his 
holinefs Ifiould immediately fend a cardinal to apologife 
for his condudf ; and that Ferrara Ihould admit an im¬ 
perial garrifon. Had Jofeph perfified in thefe demands, 
6 M the 
