GERMANY, 
.'*1 Ratillioii, where It was unaalnioufly refo'.ved to with¬ 
draw theml'elves entirely from the jurifdiftion of tlie 
pope; to revive the ancient complaints of the German 
nation againtt the oppreliions of the holy fee ; to claim 
tJie emperor’s protection for the reftoration of all tiicir 
privileges ; and to eftablilli new regulations with refpeCt 
<0 eccleliaitical difeipline. Thus was an end put to the 
papal domination in Germanv, which had been main¬ 
tained for many ages, and had frequently occafioned 
iimcli elfufion of blood. 
Early in the fpringof 1788, a declaration of war was 
publiflied at Vienna againfl: the grand-fignior ; and 
about the middle of April the emperor joined the grand 
army on the Danube, where the attack of Schabatz 
had been deferred till his arrival. Having altered th.e 
dilpofuions made by the befiegers, and ordered an at¬ 
tack to be made on the opjiofite fide of the town, lie 
liad the fatisfaCtion of witnefiing its i'peedy reduction. 
The garrifon, confi/ling of eight hundred men, furren- 
dered theml'elves prifoners of war, and the emperor 
permitted ilicir wives and cliildren to retire with their 
effects to the nearelt Turkilh garrifon. The triumph 
of this fuccefs, however, was loon damped by the fe- 
vere repulfe which Lichtenfiein’s army received at Du- 
bieza. The prince, having carried on his approaches 
for fome time againft that fortrefs, and made a breach 
which was deemed practicable, determined to carry the 
place by alfault; but neither the difeipline nor the cool 
determined valour of the German veterans, were capa¬ 
ble of withltanding the defperate fury with w’liich tJrey 
were encountered by the garrifon. The fall of the im¬ 
perial commander, and the immediate’ wounding of his 
fuccelTor, occafioned a general conlternation ; and the 
aflailants were routed and purfued with prodigious 
flaughter. 
The firlt confiderable aCtlon which took place after 
this unfikccefsful attempt upon Dubieza, was an attack 
made by the Turks on the prince of Saxe-Coboiirg, 
who occupied with a confiderable body of forces the 
heights of Rohatin. The engagement commenced with 
extraordinary fury, and was fupported with unremitting 
vigour for three hours, when the arrival of a reinforce¬ 
ment to the prince obliged the enemy to retire. But 
the Turks, having likewife received a reinforcement, 
renewed the attack again towards evening, and the 
lhades of night were fcarcely fufficient to feparate the 
combatants. On the three following days the battle 
was renewed with unabated fury ; and the cefi'ations 
were fo extremely fiiort, each fide being frequently re¬ 
lieved by frelh detachments; that it feemed to be little 
lefs than a continued action. The fuccefs was various, 
and the effufion of blood prodigious: but the adverfe 
armies at length parted, without having gained any de- 
cifive advantage. 
The emperor now attempted the reduction of Bel¬ 
grade, in order to appeafe the difeontents which began 
to be extremely prevalent at Vienna and in the army. 
Accordingly, three bridges were thrown over the Saave, 
about the beginning ot June, and an enormous train of 
battering cannon and other engines of defiru6lion were 
brought forward from the neighbouring garrifon. But 
the rapid approach of the grand-vizir, with eighty 
thoufand men, produced an immediate change in his 
imperial majefly’s plan of operation. The bridges over 
the Saave were hafilly demoliflied, the imperial camp 
was every where covered by artillery, and the tvar on 
the part of the Auftrians became merely defenfive. 
Meanwhile the grand-vizir, infiead of following the 
quiefeent example of his adverfary, adopted meafures 
W’hich fpread danger and confufion on every fide. Hav. 
ing thrown bridges acrofs the Danube at Cladora, he 
fent fome powerful detachments to the other fide, with 
a view ol invading the Bannat of Tamefwar, and of 
reducing his imperial majeily to the dilemma, either of 
feeing that fine province ravaged, or of quitting his lUong 
507 
camp at Semlin, and expofing his troops to the inceffant 
attacks of the Ottomans. Strong detachments were ac¬ 
cordingly fent from Semlin to counteraft the motions of 
the enemy ; while the grand-vizir difpatched feveral rein¬ 
forcements to maintain ^he fuperiority which his forces 
had already gained. Thus, by degrees, both armies 
were drawn from their refpeftive camps, and involved 
with their commanders in the Bannat. General War- 
tenlleben, w'ho had held the principal command in that 
province before the arrival ot his fovereign, continued 
tor fome time on the heights of Mehadia ; but he was 
foQii driven thence by the fuperior force of the infidels, 
and obliged to take Ihelter under the wings of the im¬ 
perial army. 
Prince Lichtenftein being obliged, by illnefs, to re- 
fign the command of the army in Croatia, marflial Lau- 
dohn was, with fome difficulty, perfuaded to fucceed 
liiin, and the great name and prefence of that veteran 
officer feemed to reanimate the troops with vigour and 
confidence. Under his aufpices, fortune began to fa¬ 
vour the Auftrian arms, which had been long attended 
with doubtful fuccefs. Dubieza was reduced after a 
mofi; obftinate defence; Novi, a (till ffronger fortrefs, 
was obliged to furrender at diferetion ; and Turkifh 
Gradilca would inevitably have thared a fimilar fate, 
had not the violence of the autumnal rains, and a Bid¬ 
den inundation of the Saave, precluded the pofiibility 
of carrying on the fiege. 
During thefe tranfattions, the war in the Bannat raged 
with unabated violence ; torrents of blood w’ere thed on 
both lides ; and both armies performed actions of ex¬ 
traordinary valour. Fortune, however, feemed now t® 
favour the Ottoman forces, and the utter defeat of ge¬ 
neral Papilla, in the neighbourhood of Schuppancck, 
obliged the emperor to quit his camp at Semlin, and to 
lead the remainder of his army, conliftingof forty thou¬ 
fand men, to 'Weitkirchen. After devoting a few days 
to necelTary repofe, his imperial majeity removed to the 
valley of Karantebes, which feemed to offer an advmn- 
tageous fituation. But in lefs than a week he was 
obliged to quit this place, and to defeend into the open 
plain, being vigoroufiy purfued by the victorious ene- 
my. Nothing could be more unfortunate than this re¬ 
treat ; tw'o columns, croffing each other in the dark, 
fired under a mutual miffake, and fourteen hundred men 
were facrificed before the error w'as difeovered. I'he 
general confufion was now fo great, that the bat-men 
throwing the loads from their horles, and the waggoners 
taking theirs from the carriages, confulted their fafety 
by a precipitate flight, while the plain was completely 
covered with baggage, which fell into the hands of the 
enemy. This Ihocking affair clofed the campaign in 
the- Bannat. The imperialifis encamped in tolerable 
fecurity at Lugos ; and the violence of the autumnal 
rains ruined many of the Turkilh horfes, infomuch that 
fix thoufand of their cavalry were obliged to lerve- on 
foot.. This circumllance, together with the lofs of a 
prodigious number of men, induced the grand-vizir to 
retire to Belgrade ; and the emperor foon afterward re. 
turned to 'Vienna. 
Notwithftanding the bad fuccefs of this campaign, 
and the ruin of his own conftitution, Jofeph refolved to 
profecute the war with redoubled vigour. Accord¬ 
ingly, having obtained fome fubfidies, and filled up the 
ranks of his armies, he appointed the old field-marfhal 
Haddick to fupply his place in the chief command, 
while the prince de Ligne enjoyed the fecond pofi ot 
lionour in the grand army ; the prince of SaxeCobourg 
was to aCf in concert with the Ruffians on the fide ot 
Moldavia, and marlhal Laudohn to command in Croatia, 
Early in the fpring of 1789, both armies took the field ; 
but the affairs of the Turks were involved in confufion, 
all the arrangements of the late grand-vizir were fub- 
verted, the troops had loft their accuftomed valour, 
and fortune now forfook the Ottoman ftaudard. Upon the 
borders 
