508 G E R ISI A N Y. 
bordens of Tranfylvania, the war commenced with mu¬ 
tual fpirit and animofity, but nothin* of Importance was 
achieved by the enemy. Turkilh Gradifca, whicli had 
tormerly made fo brave a refiftatice, was hrangely aban¬ 
doned on the firft attack ; the prince of Saxe-Cobourg 
gained a decillve viilory over tliirty thoufand infidels, 
who were encamped under the command of a ferafquier 
in Wallachia ; tiie grand-vizir was totally defeated at 
Martinelli by the joint forces of Saxe-Cobourg and ge¬ 
neral Suwarrow ; and the fortrefs of Belgrade was re¬ 
duced by the irrefifiible arms of mar'hal Laudolm. 
Notwitliftanding the extraordinary fuccefs of this and 
the lucceeding campaign, a fpirit of difcontent feemed 
to predominate in the Aufiriah dominions ; and even the 
cmprefs confented that Jofeph fljould.conclude a fepa- 
rate treaty with the Turks. An alliance was now con¬ 
cluded between the Ottoman Porte and the king of 
Pruflia, by witich it was ftipulated, that in cafe an equi¬ 
table peace Ihould not be granted in a given time, his 
Pruifian majefiy fiiould life his iitmofi endeavours for 
e-xtorting it by force of arms. The emperor, however, 
perfifted in his refolution, and vigorous preparations 
were therefore made, on both fides, for renewing the war. 
Meanvvliile the Hungarians, who had long been in a 
ftate of infurredtion, lent a haughty^ memorial to Vienna, 
demanding the relloration of all their ancient privileges, 
the return of their crown and other regalia, which had 
been removed from Prelburg, and the liberty of ex¬ 
changing the German for their old native drefs. Upon 
tiiele conditions they promifed to defend the kingdom 
to the lafi drop of their blood, and to fupply the empe¬ 
ror’s armies with every necelfary their country would 
afiord ; but while thrtr grievances remained without 
redrefs, they declared they inufi: regard the imperial 
authority as unjull and defpotic. The emperor, foft- 
ened by public calamities and worn down with bodily 
difeafe, complied with mofi: of thefe requilitiohs, and 
folemnly declared, that if he ftiould be alive in tlie en- 
fuing month of Tviay, lie would vilit the capital of Hun-, 
gary for the pwrpofe of being crowned. Whilfi; the 
liungarians were making public rejoicings on this occa- 
fion, the emperor was confiantly attended by his two fa¬ 
vourite generals, the marlhals Lacy and I.audohn, and 
very frequently, hotwithftanding his great age, by mar- 
flial Haddick. His illnefs had been long and painful ; 
but he bore all his fufterings wfith remarkable patience, 
and met the approaches of death with fortitude and re- 
ngnation. He had even the magnanimity to order a 
prelent of ten thoufand florins to the phyfician wlio ac¬ 
quainted him, not only with the impolfibility of his re¬ 
covery, but that his diflblution was to be apprehended 
hourly, and fo fuddenly as to prevent all notice of the 
fatal ftroke. After this melancholy fentence, he lin¬ 
gered for ievcral days, and expired on ihe 20th of Fe¬ 
bruary, 1790, in the twenty-fifth year of his reign. 
Jofeph If. was confpicuoully noted tor benevolence, 
condefeenfion, and temperance. Patient of fatigue, 
and pofi'clfed of an ardent mind, he applied himfelf 
with unremitting diligence to the fupprelfion of intole¬ 
rance and luperliltion, and the promotion of induftry, 
throughout his dominions. He has been violently ac- 
cufed of encroaching on the liberties of his F'lemilh 
fubjeLts, and of exhibiting a conliderable degree of ra¬ 
pacity in his attempts on Bavaria ; but thefe faults may 
in fonie meafure be overlooked among the truly glo¬ 
rious actions which contributed to the aggrandilement 
©f his own name, and the more permanent felicity of 
his people, 
Leopold JI. w'ho was grand-duke of Tufeany, fuc- 
ceeded his brother on the imperial throne ; and, not- 
witliltanding the embarralTed Itate of public affairs, he 
foon acquired popularity by his moderation and conci- 
Jialory meafures. Difeoutents in Flungary, an infur- 
rection in the Netherlands, and the formation of a fex- 
Suple alliance againll the confederation between Aultria 
and Ruflia, marked the commencement of his reig.-i, 
and expofed him to the moft ferious difficulties ; but 
all thefe were gradually obviated by his prudent con- 
duift, and a treaty was at length concluded betw'eeii the 
Porte and Vienna, which happily terminated an ex pen- 
five, protraifed, and deftnuflive, war. A fhort time be¬ 
fore the conclufion of this treaty, marffial Landolm 
died, in the'feventy-fifth year of his age ; and his death 
was greatly lamented, not onlyMii account of his inili- 
tary talents, but for his amiable virtues, which ffione 
forth equally in his intercourfes with fociety, and in his 
domeftic retirement. 
The French revolution now began to attradl the at- 
tention of all the European powers ; and, in 1791, a 
conference was held at Pilnitz between the emperor, 
the king of Pruflia, and tlie elector of Saxony. Upon 
this occafion, however, Leopold acted wph his accuf- 
tomed moderation ; and, inftead of advifing hofiilities 
with France, he merely wilhed to oppofe an etfedlual 
fecurity againrt: the tremendous hurricane wliith feemed 
to thieaten all Europe. He was afterwards, however, 
perfuaded to commence lioftilities, but'his defigns were 
loon terminated by a pleuritic fever, which brought 
him to the grave in the fecond year of his reign. This 
prince had governed Tufeany for nearly twenty-five 
years, with equal prudence and reputation ; having di- 
refted his principal exertions to the amelioration of the 
laws, and tiie general improvement of his people. 
Wliile only a difiant I'peftatorof the great feenes paffing 
in the empire, he attentively Itudied the affairs of go¬ 
vernment ; and upon his elevation to the imperial 
throne, he retained all the fentimentS of his former life. 
In the CQurl'e of his fliort reign he remedied many cala¬ 
mities which had refulted from his brotherjs precipita¬ 
tion ; condubled his own afi'airs to a profperous iffuej 
and entered upon a career which feemed to promife the 
moil lolid advantages to Europe. Yet was this prince 
doomed to feel the thorns which fo frequently encom- 
pals a diadem j although a lover of peace, he beheld 
the glowing embers of a fanguinary war menacing his 
country from the French republic ; whilfi: he faw his 
unfortunate lifter Antoinette, the late queen of France, 
degraded from her high dignity, kept a clofe prifoner, 
and in hourly expeftalion of an- untimely end : but 
death kindly doled his eyes upon thefe affliding feenes 
in March 1792, in the forty-fourth year of his age. 
FTancis ll. fucceeded his father, in 1792, in the king¬ 
doms of Hungary and Bohemia, and, after a fhort time, 
lie was railed to the imperial throne. At the inftigation 
of the king of Pruflia, he refolved to contribute his ut- 
moll: endeavours to the refloration of monarchy in France; 
and the haughty langi^iage in which he demanded that 
Avignon Ihould be refiored to the pope, and that the 
internal government of France fhould be invefted with 
fuch efficiency as might obviate the apprehenfions of 
the other powers of Europe, produced a declaration cJf 
war on the part of the national alfembly. On the .3d of 
July, tlie duke of Brunl'wic arrived, with the firft divi- 
lion of an army of Prullians, at Coblentz, on the right 
bank of the Rhine ; and on the 27th of the fame moiitk 
he publilhed a manifefto, which was intended to ferve 
the caule of royalty, but which unliappily produced a 
very oppofite effect. The indignation which it excited, 
in F'rance induced upwards often thoufand young men 
to enrol their names, without bounty, for tlie defence of 
their country ; and the liberal rewards which were of¬ 
fered to all who ftiould refort to the French ftandard, 
occafioned a great defeiftion among the Auftrian foldiers. 
On the 20lh of September, the Auftrians and Prulliaos. 
made an attack upon the advanced guard of Kellerman, 
near Dampierre ; but after a vigorous cannonade on beth 
fides, they were compelled to retire. Sicknefs and want 
of provifions now began to pervade the combined ar¬ 
mies; the foldiers, from eating large quantities of un¬ 
ripe grapes, had brought on a dylentery; the iiorlos 
weva 
