GERMANY. 
tained fome confiderable advantages. On tlic igtli of 
April, general Moreau etfefted a pallage acrofs the river, 
and took poflelTion of tort Kehl, notw ithftanding the ob- 
llinate retilhuice of the Aiittrians who occupied that im¬ 
portant place: the lofs on both fules was very great ; 
five French generals were wounded, and nnmbers-of 
their foldiers killed ; but the Auftrians lod many more 
men in the engagement, betides three thoufand who were 
taken prifdners. About the fame time, a furious battle 
was fought on the Lower Rhine, between generals Hoche 
and Kray, which terminated in the utter defeat of the 
imperialitis, and the lot's of all their artillery. The 
enemy, elated with this fuccefs, purtued the retiring 
Autlrians to the defiles of the Dilla, and were advanc¬ 
ing by rapid marches to Frankfort, when intelligence 
arrived of the preliminaries being figned by Bonaparte 
and the emperor. 
By this treaty of peace, figned at Campo-Formio on 
the 17th of October, 1797, the emperor ceded to the 
F'rench republic the whole of the Auttrian Netherlands, 
and confented to their retaining the Venetian iflands of 
Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia, and all the other ifles in the 
Adriatic, together with their fettlements in Albania. 
He allb acknowledged the Cifalpine republic as an inde¬ 
pendent Hate; ceding to it the I'overeignty of the coun¬ 
tries in Lombardy, which had formerly belonged to 
Auftria, and confenting that it fliould polfefs Bergamo, 
Brefcia, and other territories late in the dependence of 
Venice, together with the duchies of Mantua and Mo¬ 
dena, the principalities of Caveara and Mafi'a, and the 
cities of Romagna, Ferrara, and Bologna, lately belong¬ 
ing to the pope. The cellions on the part of France 
were Iftria, Dalmatia, the city of Venice with a large 
portion of the dominions of that republic, and all the 
Venetian illands in the Adriatic lying to the north-well; 
of the Gulf of Lodrino. 
Thel'e were the leading articles of the treaty of Campo- 
Formio; but there were fome other articles, deemed of 
an unoltenlible nature, by which the emperor confented 
that the Rhiiie fliould be the boundary between France 
and Germany; and promifed to ul'e his mediation for 
procuring a limilar confent on the part of the Itates and 
princes of the empire. He alfo gave his formal all'ent to 
the dilpolitibns which had been made of yarious impe¬ 
rial fiefs in Italy, in favour of the Cifalpine and Ligu¬ 
rian republics; and promifed to concur with France in 
foliciting the diet of the empire to relign its feudal 
fovereignty over tiiofe diflriifs. 
This treaty, however, proved no more than an armed 
truce, during which the oppoflte parties were lefs ani¬ 
mated by the delire of a permanent peace, than by the 
wifli of being in a condition to renew the war. The pre¬ 
liminaries of Leoben had been figned at a moment preg¬ 
nant witli dangers to the French commander, as well as 
with deltruttion to the houfe of Aullria. In proportion, 
therefore, as that perilous crilis was rehioved, the French 
and Auftrian governments relumed their habitual paflions 
and views. The French direffory, by many overt acts 
of injuftice and oppreilion, manifefted a Itrong difpolition 
to extend their conquefls ; the negociatious at Rafladt 
gradually alfumed the appearance of a diplomatic war, 
in which the refpeftivc plenipotentiaries acted as fpics 
upon each other; and the admillion of general Suwarrow’ 
with a Ruliian army ii.to Germany, was conlidered as a 
declaration of war againlt the French republic. 
d'he armies of both parties were at this time truly 
formidable. General Mall'ena, with forty-five thoufand 
men, occupied Swill'erland, and the left bank of the Rhine 
almofl: from its fource to the weflern extremity of the 
Liikc of Conlhince ; Jourdan was Ifationed, with lixty- 
five ilioul’and, between Bafle and Dulfeldorf; and the 
corps on the right bank of the Rhine, amounting to 
. twenty tlioufand men, was called “ the army of obfer- 
vation.” The imperialifls, on the other hand, had more 
than lixty thoulaud men, under command of the avch- 
31 F 
duke Charles, on the Lech ; twenty thoufltnd were al, 
fembled in the palatinate under general Stzarray ; an 
equal number, commanded by general Hotze, occupied 
the Voralberg and the country of the Grifons; nearly 
twenty-five thoufand, under general Bellegarde, were 
on the frontiers of the lafl-mentioned country and the 
Tyrol; and the army of Italy was compiued' to confilt 
of lixty thoufand eli'edlive men. 
If numbers could have enlured fuccefs, his imperial 
majefty might now have triumphed in the anticipation 
ot a moll brilliant victory ; for he had, at this juncture, 
one hundred and eighty thoufand men, ninety thouland 
of whom were in a lituation for adting againll Jourdan 
and Malfena. But, as the Auftrians were refolved to 
let the odium of recommencing hollilitics- fall upon the 
republicans, their firlt operations could only be defen- 
live and dependent on thole of the enemy. It was the 
buiinel's of the archduke to confine himfelf, in the fine 
inltance, to the defence of the paflage of the Lecli;. 
and generals Hotze and Bellegarde were fully employed 
in providing for the I'ecurity of their polts in Swabia, 
Tyrol, and the country of the Grifons, together with 
thole in the Valteline and in Italy. 
On the 2d of M-^irth, 1799, general Bernadotte pre« 
fented himfelf before the fortrefs of Philipiburg; and, 
in an infolent letter to the commandant, fummoned the 
place to furrender, ali'erting that the garrifon was ready 
to revolt, and denouncing vengeance in cale of relifl:- 
ance. But his menaces were treated with merited con¬ 
tempt; and, after making fome vigorous exertions, he 
was compelled to raife the liege. Meanwhile the French 
atmy, having penetrated into the Palatinate and Swabia, 
levied heavy contributions, and continued their march 
without any impediment; as the Aullrians were at a 
dillance, and the duke of 'Wirtemberg, the only prince 
tvho could hqve tlirown any oblhicles in their way, ob- 
ferved a flridl neutrality. 
IVIalTena having made himfelf mailer of the narro'T 
pafs the Lticien-lleig, by throwing a bridge acrols the 
Rhine at Attnooz, general Auft'enburg had no other re- 
fource than to concentrate his forces for the defence'ot 
Chur. Accordingly, after an obltinale conteft, he took 
polfeflion of the heights near Chur, and prepared to 
make a gallant relillance againll the further encroach¬ 
ments of the enemy; but, being overpowered by num¬ 
bers, he was compelled to furrender. General Hotze, 
in the mean time, made a vigorous effort to penetrate 
into the valley of the Rhine ; but he was repullcd, ana 
obliged to return to Field-kirk with the lofs ot a confi¬ 
derable number of men and fevcral pieces of cannon, 
A few days after thefe fuccelfes, Lecourbe, with a llrong’ 
detachment of French troops, took polfellion ot ;dinoU 
all the valley of the upper and lower lingadine ; but on 
his attacking an Auftrian poll at St. Ivlartinibitick, h.e 
was defeated by general Alciani, with confiderable lofs. 
This check counterbalanced the liicccfs of Delblles in 
tlie Valteline; and delayed, for fome time, the invaiion 
ot the Tyrol. 
iVIeanwhile the archduke, being apprifed ot tlie ene¬ 
my’s motions, ordered the whole ot ins army to prepare 
to crofs the Lech, and to proceed witli all pollible expe¬ 
dition to Uim, wiiich lie vvillied to lecure, as a llrong 
point of lupport on the Danube. His orders were imme¬ 
diately ledueed to execution, atid in lels than a week 
he fixed his head-quarters at Memmiugen; while ids 
vanguard, commanded by general Nawcadorf, puilied 
on towai'ds Ravenllnirg, and the corps which had occu¬ 
pied Ulm was lending detachniento along t)otli iiuea ot 
the Danube. The line polleliod by tiie Aullrians be¬ 
tween Ulm and Bregentz had already trullrated Jour- 
dan’s plan of gaining the flank ot the i yrol by mere 
inarches; the main body of the imperial army tvas ready 
to fupport general Hotze ; and both parties prepared tor 
a battle, whicli now became unavoidable. 
Hitherto no icflltante had been made in Swabia; and 
tise 
