518 G E R M A N Y. 
Vinces, tlie grand-duchy of Tufcany, and all tlie fine 
^lomains on the left bank of the Rhine, they were, in'a 
great meafiire, ifolated from thofe points of contadl 
wliere they had fo often exerted their flrength againfi: 
other powers, and on whiclt they had long aflerted a 
riglit to interfere in the principal affairs of Europe. 
Many able politicians, liowevcr, were of opinion that, 
in the compadtnefs of empire acquired by tlie acceflion 
of Venice, Klria, Dalmatia, and the Venetian ifles in the 
Adriatic, the Auftrian family had gained in real ftrength 
an ample compenfation for the lofs of their more exten- 
liwe, but disjointed, territories. 
■ The clerior-palatine of Bavaria now likewife re¬ 
nounced the duchies of Juliers, Deux-Ponts, and their 
dependencies; togetlier witli the bailiwic of the pala¬ 
tine of the Rhine. 
Such was the humbled date of the emperor Francis II. 
at the ligning of the peace of Luneville; and however 
derogatory or fubverfive it miglit be thought ot the 
eftabliflied rights and hereditary claims of the houfe of 
Atillria, yet would it have been fortunate for tlie aflairs 
of tlie emperor, had he fulfered things to reft upon the 
bafis of that treaty. But inftead of which, the moment 
that the king of Great-Britain broke with the French 
republic concerning the deftination of Malta, Francis 
availed himfelf of that opportunity of preparing lor a 
frefh war, under the delufive hopes of recovering the 
cedec^territories, and of reftoring the loft laurels of his 
fading crown and dignity. 
While the French emperor Napoleon was taking pof- 
felfion of the elertorate of Hanover, under pretence of 
reprifals againft the king of Great-Britain for the ifland 
of Malta, Francis entered into a quadruple alliance 
with England, Ruflia, and Sweden, to profecute the 
war Vv'ith vigour and efteft, by crofting the Rhine, and 
commencing hoftilities in the territory of France. The 
allied army was to confift of 500,000 eftedlive men; and 
their operations, on paper, were moft ably projedted. 
But it unfortunately happened with thefe, as with moft 
allied armies, that they were not mutually prepared, 
nor ready to act in conceit with each other. Of this 
the crafty Napoleon took an early advantage. Inftead 
of allowing the Aulhians time to crofs the Rhine, and 
carry the war, as they had projedbed, into the very heart 
of France-, the republican army was the firft to crofs that 
river, and unite its forces with thofe of the eledbor of 
Bavaria, who had fecretly entered into an alliance with 
the French emperor. 
'Fhe grand divifion of the imperial army, under the 
chief command of the archduke Ferdinand, and field- 
xnarefchal baron Mack, finding itfelf anticipated by the 
French in crofting the Rhine, was compelled to fall back 
into the interior of Sw abia, with a view to concentrate and 
ftrengthen its lines. The divifion under prince Ferdinand 
made choice of a ftrong pofition for its encampment on the 
banks of the Danube ; while that of lieutenant-general 
Mack fecured itfelf under the ftrong fortifications of the 
city of Ulm. The French army, under the command 
of "the emperor Napoleon in perfon, with marefchal 
Berthier, and the generals of divifion Ney and Lafnes, 
came up witli the archduke Ferdinand’s divifion, near 
Gramberg, on the 7 th of OCbober, 1805; and on the 
8th, a partial aftion took place at Vfertingen, which 
was followed on the 9th by the Ikirmilh near Gunfberg, 
wherein the Auftrians lo.ft 2500 men; and prince Ferdi¬ 
nand was obliged to retire to.the banks of the Inn. 
After this fuccefs, the French emperor loft no time 
in marching for Ulm. At day-break, on the morning 
of the 14th of October, the corps under marefchal Ney 
attacked and took polfelTion of the bridge at Elchingen; 
and, equally early, on the morning of the 15th, the em¬ 
peror Napoleon drew up his whole army in line-of bat¬ 
tle before the city of Ulm. Here he harangued each 
regiment, each battalion, feparately and cordially, ad- 
drefting himfelf to the feelings and pafllons-of his fol- 
diers, and infpiring them with courage and refolution 
to die, rather than lofe the firft greatTattle, which was, 
he faid, on that day to be fought ; and on the fuccefs 
of which, he very juftly remarked, would in a great 
meafure depend the ultimate fate of the war. He was 
anfwered from the ranks by ftiouts of “ Viiftory or 
death!”—and the whole line were anxioufly rvaiting for 
the dreaded onfet from the veteran corps under field- 
marefchal baron Mack, when, to the utter aftoniftiment 
of the wliole French army, as w'ell as of all Europe, 
lieutenant-general Mack, with the flower of the Auftriau 
army,'confifting of thirty-three thoufand fine troops, all 
picked men and real foldiers, who had faced death in a 
thoufand forms without fear or difmay, entered into a 
hafty capitulation, and never even attempted to fave the 
garrifon, or ftrike a fingle blow I How much he was de- 
I'pifed for this pufillanimous conducb, even by his own 
foldiers and his adverfaries who w iftied to fight, let their 
exclamations and flinging reflexions evince to all the 
world. On the 17th of October the articles of capitu¬ 
lation were figned ; and on the 20th Napoleon Bonaparte 
had the pride of feeing this fine Auftriau army defile be- 
fore him, which lafted from tw'o o’clock in the afternoon 
till feven in the evening; during all which time he kept 
field-marefchal count Mack, with eight of the Auftrian 
generals, and feven of the lieutenant-generals, at his 
fide, to witnefs their owm difgrace ; which indeed muft 
have been truly heart-breaking to every man of fenti- 
ment and courage, to fee lb numerous and fine an army 
march before the conqueror wftth all the honours of war, 
though without a fcratch or a wound,—then ignobly tO' 
lay down their artns, and be driven, like beafts of bur¬ 
den, into the interior of France, as prifoners of war! 
What foldier amongft them would not have vigoroully 
fought, and nobly died in the defence of his country, 
rather than have fubmitted to fuch indelible dil'grace 
and infamy ? Let field-marefchal count Mack anfwer 
the queftion. 
Whether the divided and disjointed organization of 
the Auftrian troops under different deftinations, was po¬ 
litic and judicious, or not, may be a queftion in military 
fcience; but it is neverthelefs certain tha.t it proved fa¬ 
tal to nearly the whole of that noble army, which fell 
like a vaft foreft before the keen edge of the woodman’s 
axe. Befides the flower of the army under the arch¬ 
duke Ferdinand and count Mack, fifty thoufand choice 
troops, called “ the army of Italy,” were detached 
under the command of the archduke Charles; to whom 
wasoppofed the French divifion under general Maffena. 
Here the whole campaign was fpent in fatal fkirmifties, 
by which the army was reduced to half its number, and 
no one point gained: prince Charles ftowly and unwilling¬ 
ly moving from poll to poll through the whole Italian ter¬ 
ritory, until he was finally obliged to retreat for fafety 
into the hereditary dominions of Auftria. Another grand 
divifion of the army under the command of the archduke 
John, and generals Jellachich and Wolfskehl, were de- 
llined to the defence of the eaftern and weftern Tyrol,, 
and the Voralberg; yet, notwithftanding the utmoft bra¬ 
very of thefe troops, prince John was overpowered by 
fuperior numbers of the French, commanded by mare¬ 
fchal Ney ; and he was defeated, after an obftinate aOlion, 
at the foot of mount Brenner, in the Tyrol. The other 
generals, at the head of the divifion in the Voralberg, 
were defeated in a fimilar way by a fuperior corps of the 
enemy under the command of marefchal Augereau, who 
took Jellachich prifoner, with the greateft part of his 
troops. Thus the Auftrian army, confifting of nearly 
two hundred and fifty thoufand men, was prematurely 
defeated, and upwards of one hundred tliouland of them 
taken prifoners, by being engaged piecemeal, and under 
different deftinations; but which, had they been kept 
together, and concentrated I'o as to have encountered 
