540 
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are inferted ; anthers; fliort, broadifli, bl’.mt. Pidil- 
luir, ; germs numerous, colleftcd into a liead ; dyles 
inferted into the fide of-the germ, (terminating, Gart.) 
liairy, long ; (tigmas fimple. Pericarpiuni : none ; 
common receptacle of the feeds oblo-n,-’;, (columnar, 
Gartner,) hirfute, placed on the reflex calyx. Seeds: 
numerous, compretfed, hifpid, awned, with a long flyle. 
— EJfential CharaBer. Calyx, ten-cleft; petals, five ; 
feeds, with a kneed awn. 
Species, i. Geum Virginianum, or American avens : 
flowers upright ; awns hooked, naked ; ftem-leaves ter- 
nate, the upper ones lanceolate ; petals ihorter than the 
calyx. Stem a foot and half or two feet high, branch¬ 
ing at the top into fniaJl peduncles, each terminated by 
a linall white flower. This fpecies difi'e-rs from G. ur- 
banum, which 'it otherwife much refembles, in having 
w'hite petals Ihorter than tlie calyx ; the flowers nod¬ 
ding during flowering time ; tlie peduncles being thicker 
towards the flower ; the feeds hairy, and the root-leaves 
fub-bipinnate. 
Parkinl’on mentions an avens from New England, 
brought by John Newton a clnrurgion of Colliton ; but 
he fays it differs from G. rivale only in being ta.llerand 
greater. It flowers in July and Augull:; and is a na¬ 
tive of North America. 
i. Geum ftriiftum, cr upright avens: flowers up- 
rigiit; awns liooked, naked ; (tem-leaves primate ; leaflets 
and fiipules galh-cleft; petals longer tlian the calyx. 
This alfo has the habit of G. urbarmm ; but the fruit 
is twice as large. Native of North America; it flowers 
in May and June. 
3. Geum urb.'inum, common avens, or herb-bennet: 
flowers' upright ; awns hooked, naked ; ftem-leaves 
ternate ; toot-leaves lyrate-pinnate. Stalks from one 
to two feet high, nearly upright, fomewhat flexuofe, 
flightly angular, liairy, branched at the top ; feeds 
about one hiisidred and ten, ovate, of a pale ferruginous 
colour, covered with two fleins ; the outer leathery,, the 
inner membranaceous, very thin, pale ftraw.colour. Com¬ 
mon in moll parts of Europe, in woods and hedges ; 
flowering irom May to September. The roots have a 
mildly allringent'aromatic talle, fomewhat like that of 
cloves, whence this plant has the name of caryophyl- 
lata in Scopoli, Bauhin, dec. .'I'hey fhould be gathered 
in dry warm lituations, for in lhady moift places they 
liave little virtue. GatJie'red in the I’pring, and put 
frelh into ale, they give it a pleafant flavour, and pre¬ 
vent its turning lour. Infilled in w'ine it is elleemed a 
good ftomachic ; but in water Haller affirms it to have 
been attended with bad eii'eits, when given in malignant 
fevers, producing delirium. Chewed in the mouth, 
tlie roots take oft from a difagreeable breath. 
The variety ( 3 , with larger flowers, was'obferved by 
Dr. Lifter in 'Ledford wood on the Lincolnlhire wolds : 
cultivated by Ray in his garden at Cambridge, from 
tiie neighbouring' woods. 
4. Geum Japcnicum, or Japan avens: flowers up¬ 
right ; fruits hirlute ; awns naked ; leaves witli three 
lobes or more. Stalk round, flexuofe, upright, hirfute, 
a foot high or more, I’ometiines, but leldom, a little 
branched at the top. Native of Japan. 
5. Geum rivale, or water avens: flowers nodding; 
awns hooked, villofe; petals retul'e, roundifti-wedge- 
Ihaped ; leaves pinnate. Root creeping, reddifii, aftrin- 
gent, aromatic, fmellrng like cloves ; Item a foot high, 
upright, round and branched, bending at the top, but 
becoming ere.bt as the fruit ripens ; leaves lyrate, much 
larger than in G. urbanum, jagged, galh-ferrate and 
hirlute ; receptacle of the feeds oblong and peduncled, 
whereas that of G. urbanum is ovate and lubleliile; 
the lip alio of the awns is hairy, not naked as in the 
other. Native of molt countries of Europe, iu moift: 
paftures and woods, indicating (according to Linnseus) 
a barren foil, not fit for corn ; alio in tlie Levant, and 
North Atnerica. With us it ft more common in the 
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north, as on the w'ater of Leith, near Edinburgh, and 
other places in Scotland on moorilh grounds; Settle, 
Ingleton, <Src. in Yorklhire, and Lancafliiie, and by Tides 
of rivers and on mountains in many places of the north ¬ 
ern counties ; about Cltevely and Wood-Ditton in Cam- 
bridgelhire, wliere it was.firil found by Dr. Clvevallier, 
the late mailer of St. Jolin’s College; in Woivettor* 
wood near Lynn ; at Mariiain near Swafl'liam, and near 
Norwich, in Norfolk; near Sudbury, in a bog; near 
Allon, in Warwicklhire ; alfo in Wales, by Mr. Thomas 
Gly-nn, before !'j 33 ; about Snowdon, See. It tiov/ei'i 
from tlie end ol May to autumn, d'he powdered root 
is beneficial in diarrhosas and liaEmorrhages, and is much 
tiled by the Canadians in the cure of tertian agues : it 
will cure malt-liquor of its ropynefs. 
y. This Ipecies varies with yellow flowers, and they 
Irequently become double and proliferous. IsRar i^trick- 
land in Welhnoreland, obl'erved by Mr. Lawfon ; alio 
at Brearclifl'; 
6. Geum hybridum, or mule avens : flower nodding ; 
calyx leafy, longer than the poiypctalous corolla. This 
feems to be a mule plant pioduced between tlie fore¬ 
going and fubfequent fpecies. It grotvs much taller 
tlian G, rivale, and is in every refpeCt a larger plant. 
7. Geum niontamim, or mountain avens : ftein one- 
flowered ; awns (iraight, villofe ; leaves pinnate, liairy ; 
oiitmoft leaflet very large and roundilh ; the lower ones 
gradually I'maller. Root-leaves in a tuft, cu petioles 
ot different lengths ; thefe are hairy, and have fevcral 
p.iir.i of leaflets on tliem ; the loweit very fmall, the 
liicceeding ones gradually larger, and the pair immedi¬ 
ately under the great terminating leaflet much bigger 
than any of the left ; the extreme leaflet is two or tiiree 
inches in length and breadth, obl'curely iobed, gafli- 
lerrate, and veined. Grows in the mountains of Swi!,'- 
crhiiid, Auftria, Silelia, Dauphine, and Arragon; where 
it flowers in June and July ; with us, from May to Sep¬ 
tember. 
(?. Small mountain avens is made a diftindl fpecies by 
Mr. Miller, who fays that it is a very low plant, with 
flower-ftalks about three indies long, bending on one 
lide, each terminated by one bright) ellow flow?r, about 
tlie lame fize with thole of the, common fort. Found 
on iVIonte Baldo, Sec. 
8. Geum potentilloides, or Siberian avens : ftem one 
or two-flowered ; awns ftraiglit, naked ; calyxes of the 
Iriiit uprigiit; leaves pinnate, toothed. Native of Si¬ 
beria ; and flowers in June. 
9. Geum reptans, or creeping avens : ftems one-flow¬ 
ered ; awns Itra'ight, villofe; leaves pinnate, gathed, 
hairy; runners crecjiing. Root large and woody ; ftems 
lome almoft upright, flowering, hirlute; others pro¬ 
cumbent, creeping ; all round, having paimate, feflile, 
alternate leaves, otherwife naked ; the flowering Hems 
are but little longer than the leaves, and bear ul’ually 
one flower, I'eldom two, and very leldom three. Na¬ 
tive of Swili'erland, Auftria, Silefia, Savoy, and Pied¬ 
mont ; flowering in June and July. 
Propagation and Culture. The third fort, being common 
in a wild ftate, is adiiutted only into botanic gardens. 
Tiiey are all hardy plants, wliicii require a lhady fitiia- 
tion, but will thrive in any foil. 'Ihey may ealily be 
propagated by leeds, whicli lliould be fown in autumn ; 
for when they are I’own in the fpiing, they do not grow 
tlie fame year. See Dryas and Saxifraga. 
GEV'REY, ;• town of France, in the department of 
the Cote-d’Or, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- 
triift of Dijon : I'even tniles I'outh of Dijon. 
GE'USS (John Michael), profellbr of mathematics 
in the univeritcy of Copenhagen, born at Krummendyk 
in Holftein, in 1745. He received liis early education 
under the care of his father, a clergyman of that place, 
and he diftinguiihed himlelf by his writings on mathe¬ 
matical lubjetts, and particularly by his 1 heory of the 
Art of conftruCling Mines. In the compotition of this 
work 
