G I 
This, it is fiippofed, was a principal motive with tlie 
pontiff for adhering to tlie Frencli party, by whicli he 
was lb great a fufferer. Tiiis prelate was one of tlie 
lioftages given by the pope in 1527 to the imperial ar. 
my, on which occafion he underwent much ill treat¬ 
ment, and was more tb.an once threatened with a fhame- 
ful death. The friendfliip of cardinal Pompeo Colonna 
procured his reflitution. After this (form he retired to 
his bifliopric ; and his palace was open to all men of 
worth and learning, fie elfabliflied in it a magnificent 
Greek prefs, in which were printed at his own expence 
feveral works of the fathers; and in order to render his 
editions corredf, he employed feveral Greek copyilfs. 
He received the deferved homage of the men of letters 
in his time, and is mentioned with great veneration in 
the poems of Fracaftorio; This wortiiy prelate died 
in 1543. Hjs works, which have been publilhed col- 
leffively, chiefly confifl of the conftitutions and regu¬ 
lations for the government of his church. Many of his 
Italian letters are found in different epiftolary collections. 
GIBlEUF' (William), a learned French pried, was 
a native of Bourges, admitted to the degree of doflor 
by the faculty of the Sorbonne, in i(5i2. Cardinal Be- 
rulle, the fuperior of the order of the Carmelites in 
France, condituted him his vicar-general. He was the 
intimate friend of Des Cartes, and other didinguiflied 
men of literature ; and rendered himfelf refpeited for 
his piety and virtues, as well as for his learned attain, 
ments. He died at St.Magliore, in 1650. Among 
other works, he was the autlior of a treatife On the Li¬ 
berty of God, and of the Creature, 1630, 4to. which 
was very favourably received among the learned men of 
his time. 
GI'BINGLY, adv. Scornfully; contemptuoufly: 
His prefent portance, 
Gibingly and ungravely he did fadiion 
After th’ inveterate hate he bears to you. Shakefpeare. 
GIB'LETSjy. [According to Minfliew from gobbet, 
gohhlct ; according to J unius more properly from gibier, 
gatne, Fr.] The parts of a goofe which are cut ofi' be¬ 
fore it is roaded. 
GIBOL'DEHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the 
circle of the Lower Rhine, and territory of Eichsfeld ; 
(ix miles north of Duderdadt. 
GI'BON, a towm of the illand of Cuba: twenty-two 
miles north-north-ead of Bayamo. 
GIBRA'LEON, a town of Spain, in the country of 
Seville, on the river Odiel, with a harbour for fmall 
fifhing velFels. It contains about one hundred and fi.ty 
lioules, divided into two pariflies. Alphonfo king of 
Cadile took it from the IVIoors in 1257, and peopled it 
v iih Chridians ; it is fituated about ten miles from the 
-Atlantic: forty-four miles wed of Seville. Lat. 37.20. 
N. Ion. 9. 45. E. Peak of Tenerid'e. 
GIBRAL'TAR, a town and fortrefs of Spain, in An. 
dalufia, but for a century pad belonging to Great 
Britain, fituated on a tongue of land, backed by an im- 
menfe rock, at the fouthern extremity of Europe. To 
the ancients it was known by the name of Calpe, one of 
the pillars of Hercules. Thefe pillars, or obeiilks, in 
the earlied dages of navigation, were made ufe of for 
beacons ; and two of the mod celebrated in ancient hif- 
tpry dood upon each fide of the entrance into the Me¬ 
diterranean Sea, called Fretum Gaditanum ; now the Strait 
of Gibraltar, which feparates Europe from Africa. 
The pillar on the African fide was called Abyla ; as that 
on the European fide, in Iberia or Spain, was named 
Calpe, which Bryant derives from a cave in the rock be¬ 
neath. He alfo Ihews that this pillar was called by the 
Arabians Gibel-Tar “ the tower of the rock or hill 
whence the name of Gibraltar. From the fummit of 
this rock there is a mod extenfive profpeft over part of 
Spain and Africa ; and on it is maintained a watch- 
tower, to give notice of all Ihips and veffels pafiing at fea. 
GIB 555 
The drait of Gibraltar, through which tlie Atlantic 
Ocean pafies into the Mediterranean, extends from wed 
to ead about thirteen leagues. In this drait tliere are 
three remarkable promontories or capes on the Spanifii 
fide, and as many oppofite to them on the Africaner 
Barbary fide. The fird of thefe, on the fide of Spain, 
is cape Trafalgar, oppofite to which is cape Spartel; 
and in the neiglibourhood of this dood the fortrefs of 
Tangier, once in the pofTeflion of the Englifli. The 
next on the Spanifli fide is Tarifa; and over againd it 
Les Malabata, near the town of Alcafl'.ir, where the 
drait is about five leagues broad. Ladly, Gibraltar, 
facing the mountain of Abyla, near the fortrefs and 
town of Ceuta, which form the eadern moutli of the 
drait. 
'Ihe value of this important fortrefs, in point of fitu- 
ation, appears to have been fird noticed in the year 712. 
At that period of the Saracen war with Spain, the ge¬ 
neral of the caliph A 1 Walid, landed with an army of 
twelve thoufand men on the idhmus between Calpe and 
the continent; and that he might fecure an intercourfe 
with Africa, he ordered a cadle to be built on the face 
of that hill, the ruins of which dill remain. It conti¬ 
nued in the pofiefiion of .the Saracens till the beginning 
of the 14th century, when it was recovered by Ferdi¬ 
nand king of Cadile. In 1333, however, it was obliged 
to furrender to the fon of the emperor of Fez, vvho 
came to the afiidance of the Moorilh king of Granada. 
An attempt was made upon it in 1349 by Alonzo king 
of Cadile ; but when the fortrefs had been reduced to 
the laft extremity, a peflilential fever broke cut in the 
Spanilh camp, which carried off the king himfelf, and 
great pai't of his army ; after which the enterprife was 
abandoned. The fortrefs continued in the poffellion of 
the Saracen defeendants of the prince of Fez till 1410, 
when it was taken by Jofeph III. king of Granada. A 
defign of attacking it was formed by Henry de Guzman 
in 1435; hut the enterprife having mifearried through 
his imprudence, he W'as defeated and flain. It was, 
however, taken, after a gallant defence, by his fon John 
de Guzman in 1462 ; fince which time it has remained 
in the liands of the Chridians. In 1540, it was fur- 
prifed and pillaged by Piali Hamet, one of Barbaroffa’s 
corfairs; but the pirates liaving fallen in with fome Si¬ 
cilian galleys, were by them defeated, and all either, 
killed or taken. - 
In the reign of Charles V. emperor and king, the for¬ 
tifications of Gibraltar w'ere modernifed, and fuch ad¬ 
ditions made as to render them aimed impregnable. 
It was fil'd taken by the Englifli, in the reign of queen 
Anne, and fince that time has remained in their polfef- 
fion ; and probably will always do fo, unlefs ceded by 
treaty, as it appears impofiible to reduce it but by trea¬ 
chery.—It fell into the hands of the Englifli on the fol¬ 
lowing occafion : In 1704, in coiifequence of the refolu- 
tion adopted by the court of Britain to aiiid the arch¬ 
duke Charles in his pretenfions to the Spanifli crown, 
admiral fir George Rooke was lent with a powerful fleet 
into the Mediterranean, when an attempt on Gibraltar 
was fird refolved upon. On the 2id of July, eighteen 
hundred troops were landed upon the idhmus under the 
command of the prince of Helfe Darmdadt; and on the 
refufal of the governor to furrender, preparations were 
made for attacking the place. Early in the morning of 
the 23d, a canonade was opened from the fleet, and kept 
up fo brilkly, that in five or lix hours the Spaniards 
were driven from their guns at the new mole-head. 
The admiral, perceiving that by gaining this part of the 
fortification, the reduction of the red would be facili¬ 
tated, ordered out fome armed boats to take poffellion 
of it. On their approach the Spaniards fprung a mine,' 
which demoliflied part of the works, killed two lieute¬ 
nants and forty private foldiers, wounding about fixty 
more. Notwithdanding this difader, the affailants kept 
poflellion of the work, and took a fmall badion, half¬ 
way 
